Flock-level factors associated with the risk of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in Greek dairy goat flocks

Abstract

In this cross-sectional study we identified flock-level risk factors for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, in Greek dairy goat flocks. We collected 1599 milk samples from does that were at the last stage of lactation in 58 randomly selected dairy goat flocks, during May to September 2012. The collected samples were tested with a commercial milk ELISA (IdexxPourquier, Montpellier, France) and the results were interpreted at a cut-off that optimized the accuracy of the diagnostic process. For the analysis of the data we used Bayesian models that adjusted for the imperfect Se and Sp of the milk-ELISA. Flock was included as a random effect. Does in flocks that used common water troughs and communal grazing grounds had 4.6 [95% credible interval (CI): 1.5; 17.4] times higher odds of being MAP-infected compared to does in flocks that had no contact with other flocks. Does of flocks supplied with surface water from either streams or shallow wells had 3.7 (1.4; 10.4) times higher odds of being infected compared to those in flocks watered by underground and piped water sources. When kids were spending equal to or more than 10h per day with their dams they had 2.6 (1.1; 6.4) times higher odds of being MAP infected compared to kids that were separated from their dams for less than 10h per day. Finally, does in flocks that continuously used the same anti-parasitic compound had 2.2 (1.0; 4.6) times higher odds of MAP infection compared to those in flocks alternating anti-parasitic compounds. These results should be considered in the development of a nationwide future control program fοr caprine paratuberculosis in Greece.