Floating treatment wetland retrofit in a stormwater wet pond provides limited water quality improvements

Abstract

Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are an emerging management practice for improving water quality in stormwater wet ponds or other detention basins. Although there is substantial evidence of nutrient reductions by FTW in mesocosm-scale studies, findings from field-scale studies on the water quality benefits of FTW are less conclusive. A medium-sized stormwater wet pond (~0.8 ha) was partially divided using an impermeable liner and monitored for 280 d using a control and FTW treatment (~20–23% FTW coverage) to determine impact of FTW on concentrations of several water quality parameters at the field-scale. Discrete samples and high-frequency, multi-point monitoring were used to assess water quality differences. No significant differences between the two treatments were found for total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, or total phosphorus, based on discrete samples, and in situ monitoring showed dissolved oxygen was significantly lower in the FTW treatment by roughly 2.6 mg L−1. The FTW treatment had significantly higher nitrate concentrations in discrete samples, but this finding was not supported by the high-frequency data collected when considering the full monitoring period. The FTW had significantly lower total suspended solids, based on discrete and high-frequency sampling, and resulted in a 10–43% reduction in TSS (~25% mean reduction), relative to the control. Comparison of subsets of the high-frequency data to discrete sampling data demonstrated how limited discrete sampling can lead to partial information and potentially erroneous conclusions when assessing FTW treatment effect in stormwater, especially when differences in water quality chemistry are small.