Abstract
Rapid development in information and communication technology (ICT) is changing the instructional strategies in Higher Education. This study aimed to identify the level of self-efficacy of B.Ed. (IT) undergraduates of a local University in a flipped classroom. Further it also investigated gender difference among the undergraduates self-efficacy in the classroom. A group of 35 student selected using convenience sampling method. This group divided into Group 1 as control group and Group 2 as intervention. Group one consists of 17 students and two consist of 18 students. Initially the two classes answered pre-survey questionnaire of self-efficacy. Then control group was exposed to conventional teaching whereas intervention group intervened with Padlet. Data were analyzed with SPSS and revealed the intervention group has high Cohen effect (d) = .53, which is considered moderate size compared Cohen effect (d) = .17, considered small. This study clearly exhibits intervention group has better self-efficacy than control group. Further, the effect size of control group revealed decline in self-efficacy. In study exhibits there is no difference by gender in terms of self-efficacy. It is expected further study should be conducted by taking in to account sample size, duration of intervention, and method.
Highlights
Humans make mistakes because they are forced, by their psyche, to consider many options while making decisions
Microsoft Excel is used for data cleansing and removal of outliers and SPSS is used for demographics Javed et al (2014)
Descriptive statistics are shown in table 01 below. 21.2% (n=88) of our respondents lie within the range of 18 to years, 28.8% (n=120) are within the range of to years, 38.5% (n=160) are in to 45 years of age and 11.5% (n=48) are above 45 years of age. 59.6% (n=248) male and 40.4% (n=168) are female respondents
Summary
Humans make mistakes because they are forced, by their psyche, to consider many options while making decisions. Choosing an option can lead to benefit or loss, satisfaction or regret, whether that option is considered perfect at the time or not. Sometimes people make financial decisions such as spending in profit making stocks or spending money very consciously where it’s needed but sometimes those decisions lead to loss. But not all the time, bad financial decisions whether in saving or investing. Due to online available contents, a smartphone which has the ability to restrict someone from financial mistakes, the risk of impulsive decision-making behavior can be controlled (Farooq, 2018; Kumar, 2018; Meyer, 2018; Varadarajan, 2018). Marshmallow Theory suggests that better selfcontrol leads to better well-being and bright future (Angeles and Uni, 1972)
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