FLIERs as Stagnation Knots from Post‐AGB Winds with Polar Momentum Deficiency

Abstract

We present an alternative model for the formation of fast low-ionization emission regions (FLIERs) in planetary nebulae that is able to account for many of their attendant characteristics and circumvent the problems on the collimation/formation mechanisms found in previous studies. In this model, the section of the stellar wind flowing along the symmetry axis carries less mechanical momentum than at higher latitudes, and temporarily develops a concave or inverted shock geometry. The shocked ambient material is thus refracted towards the symmetry axis, instead of away from it, and accumulates in the concave section. The reverse is true for the outflowing stellar wind, which in the reverse shock is refracted away from the axis. It surrounds the region of the bow-shock and confines the trapped ambient gas. The latter has time to cool and is then compressed into a dense stagnation knot or stagnation jet. In the presence of a variable stellar wind these features may eventually overrun the expanding nebular shell and appear as detached FLIERs. We present representative two and three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the formation and early evolution of knots and jets and compare their dynamical properties with those of FLIERs in planetary nebulae. Subject Headings: hydrodynamics - ISM: jets and outflows - ISM: kinematics and dynamics - planetary nebulae: FLIERs and knots