Flexible zinc-ion hybrid micro-supercapacitors with polymeric current collector for integrated energy storage in wearable devices

Abstract

The ubiquity of conventional micro-fabrication techniques has encountered impediments in constructing cost-effective micro-devices, thereby constraining their broad deployment. Concurrently, the suboptimal energy density inherent to supercapacitors exacerbates this challenge. This study presents a straightforward assembly methodology for the fabrication of a mechano-electrochemically efficient micro-zinc ion hybrid supercapacitor (M−ZSC), alongside the introduction of an innovative polymeric current collector. The M−ZSC is fabricated through a process involving masked spray deposition of a novel adhesive current collector and the electrode materials, and electroplating of zinc nanosheets onto the anode finger, creating an electrochemically performant and mechanically robust device. The resulting M−ZSC exhibits a notable areal capacitance of 52.2 mF/cm2 and an energy density of 18.5 µWh/cm2 for the normal mass-loading of 3.6 mg/cm2, which is amongst the highest reported values for energy storage. The masked spray deposition/hot pressing technique enabled us to fabricate free-standing thick electrodes with a loading density of up to 56.1 mg/cm2, facilitating the achievement of an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 227 mF/cm2 and an energy density of 80.5 µWh/cm2. Furthermore, the M−ZSC exhibits a robust retention of 95 % capacitance at 1 mA/cm2. Critical to its flexibility, the device is constructed using purely additive deposition methods on flexible substrates and is therefore well-tailored for deployment in flexible electronics and on-chip applications. These micro-devices are well-poised for seamless integration within a singular electronics package or chip architecture.