Abstract
Pressure injury is the most important issue facing paralysis patients and the elderly, especially in long-term care or nursing. A new interfacial pressure sensing system combined with a flexible textile-based pressure sensor array and a real-time readout system improved by the Kalman filter is proposed to monitor interfacial pressure progress in the cardiac operation. With the design of the Kalman filter and parameter optimization, noise immunity can be improved by approximately 72%. Additionally, cardiac operation patients were selected to test this developed system for the direct correlation between pressure injury and interfacial pressure for the first time. The pressure progress of the operation time was recorded and presented with the visible data by time- and 2-dimension-dependent characteristics. In the data for 47 cardiac operation patients, an extreme body mass index (BMI) and significantly increased pressure after 2 h are the top 2 factors associated with the occurrence of pressure injury. This methodology can be used to prevent high interfacial pressure in high-risk patients before and during operation. It can be suggested that this system, integrated with air mattresses, can improve the quality of care and reduce the burden of the workforce and medical cost, especially for pressure injury.
Highlights
Pressure injury is a high-risk issue for long-staying patients, the elderly, and disabled people with reduced daily activities if proper care is not available
The impedance and capacitance can be recorded by the integration of charges and transferred into an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to calculate digital signal processing
A readout system integrated with the concept of the Kalman filter and impedance measurement is readout system integrated with sensor the concept thenoise
Summary
Pressure injury is a high-risk issue for long-staying patients, the elderly, and disabled people with reduced daily activities if proper care is not available. Regarding the collection, all interfacial pressure measurements of the human body, a smaller dimension of one sensor, and spacing between neighboring sensors will produce better resolution of the pressure distribution In this case, the total number and cross talk of pressure sensors will be both increased and follow the large database requirement and low accuracy. A newly developed readout system integrated with a microprocessor, impedance converter, and algorithm design of the Kalman filter is first proposed and illustrated in the current study for a pressure sensor array of 14 × 18 pixels on a textile-based mattress for clinic interfacial pressure monitoring. The readout system was applied with a commercial pressure-sensing mattress for a preliminary study between interfacial pressure and pressure injury progress of patients with cardiac operations This platform can be a powerful smart machine to integrate with active air mattresses for future clinical applications
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