Abstract
Summary Flow batteries allow independent scaling of power and energy and permit low-cost materials for large-scale energy storage. However, they suffer from low-energy densities or poor scalability when a solid electrode is used in hybrid systems (zinc or lithium metals). Breaking the convention of pumping fluids, we propose and demonstrate a new flow battery invention that transports active material via rotation of flexible electrode belts made from high-energy-density solid electrode materials (flexible solid flow electrode). Using this strategy, we demonstrated a fully scalable aqueous solid-liquid hybrid flow battery using a lithium titanium phosphate (LTP) flexible anode belt coupled with lithium iodide (LiI) catholyte. This strategy of the circulating flexible solid electrode can be readily applied to existing solid-liquid hybrid flow batteries (e.g., Zn-I2, Zn-Br2, Li-I2, Li-polysulfide, etc.) and allows many types of solid electrode materials in a flow battery platform without constraints in solubility or scalability.
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