Abstract
IntroductionRecurrent episodes of pneumonia are frequently modeled using extensions of the Cox proportional hazards model with the underlying assumption of time-constant relative risks measured by the hazard ratio. We aim to relax this assumption in a study on the effect of factors on the evolution of pneumonia incidence over time based on data from a South African birth cohort study, the Drakenstein child health study.MethodsWe describe and apply two models: a time-constant and a time-varying relative effects model in a piece-wise exponential additive mixed model’s framework for recurrent events. A more complex model that fits in the same framework is applied to study the continuously measured seasonal effects.ResultsWe find that several risk factors (male sex, preterm birth, low birthweight, lower socioeconomic status, lower maternal education and maternal cigarette smoking) have strong relative effects that are persistent across time. When time-varying effects are allowed in the model, HIV exposure status (HIV exposed & uninfected versus HIV unexposed) shows a strong relative effect for younger children, but this effect weakens as children grow older, with a null effect reached from about 15 months. Weight-for-length at birth shows a time increasing relative effect. We also find that children born in the summer have a much higher risk of pneumonia in the 3-to-8-month age period compared with children born in winter.ConclusionThis work highlights the usefulness of flexible modelling tools in recurrent events models. It avoids stringent assumptions and allows estimation and visualization of absolute and relative risks over time of key factors associated with incidence of pneumonia in young children, providing new perspectives on the role of risk factors such HIV exposure.
Highlights
Recurrent episodes of pneumonia are frequently modeled using extensions of the Cox proportional hazards model with the underlying assumption of time-constant relative risks measured by the hazard ratio
Two common regression models in a recurrent events framework that can take into account this dependence are the Poisson regression model with an individual random effect and the shared frailty model [1] – an extension of the Cox proportional hazards (CPH) model [2]
Further research, highlighted by this work, is to explore the possible time-varying effect of HIV exposure status across pneumonia severity while accounting for important confounders, and to explore the associations between seasonality, pneumonia incidence and the presence of respiratory syncytial virus. It avoids stringent assumptions and allows estimation and visualization of relative risks over time of key factors associated with incidence of pneumonia in young children, providing new perspectives on the role of risk factors such HIV exposure
Summary
We aim to relax this assumption in a study on the effect of factors on the evolution of pneumonia incidence over time based on data from a South African birth cohort study, the Drakenstein child health study. We aimed to analyse data from the DCHS study using a model that allows a flexible smooth baseline hazard and flexible smooth time-varying relative risks, i.e. PAMM
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