Abstract
Thermal sensors are mainly based on the selective heating of specific areas, which in most cases is a critical feature for both the operation and the performance of the thermal device. In this work, we evaluate the thermoelectrical response of two graphitic materials, namely (a) a commercial 2.4%wt graphene–ethyl cellulose dispersion in cycloxehanone and terpineol (G) and (b) a custom functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-rGO) ink in the range of −40 to 100 °C. Both inks were printed on a flexible polyimide substrate and the Thermal Coefficients of Resistance (TCR) were extracted as TCRG = −1.05 × 10−3 °C−1 (R2 = 0.9938) and TCRf-rGO = −3.86 × 10−3 °C−1 (R2 = 0.9967). Afterward, the inkjet-printed devices were evaluated as microheaters, in order to exploit their advantage for cost-effective production with minimal material waste. f-rGO and G printed heaters reached a maximum temperature of 97.5 °C at 242 mW and 89.9 °C at 314 mW, respectively, applied by a constant current source and monitored by an infrared camera. Repeatability experiments were conducted, highlighting the high robustness in long-term use. The power–temperature behavior was extracted by self-heating experiments to demonstrate the ability of the devices to serve as heaters. Both static and dynamic evaluation were performed in order to study the device behaviors and extract the corresponding parameters. After all the experimental processes, the resistance of the samples was again evaluated and found to differ less than 13% from the initial value. In this work, fabrication via inkjet printing and demonstration of efficient and stable microheaters utilizing a custom ink (f-rGO) and a commercial graphene ink are presented. This approach is suitable for fabricating selectively heated geometries on non-planar substrate with high repeatability and endurance in heat cycles.
Highlights
Selective controllable heating of predefined areas in electronic devices is a key feature for various sensors operation
We evaluated the performance of two graphene-based inks for the development of printed heaters on a flexible polyimide substrate using inkjet technology
The Thermal Coefficient of Resistance was extracted as TCRG = −1.05×10−3 ◦ C−1 and TCRf-rGO = −3.86×10−3 ◦ C−1 in an extensive range of temperatures (−40 to 100 ◦ C) and highlighted the superiority of functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-rGO)
Summary
Selective controllable heating of predefined areas in electronic devices is a key feature for various sensors operation. Microheaters are usually utilized for either enhancing detection performance or assistance in degassing [3,4]; in metal–oxide gas [5], ammonia [6], fully printed SnO2 gas [7], HCHO [8], and humidity [9,10] sensors. Various additive deposition techniques such as printing have been reported for effective selective patterning and fabrication of such devices on flexible [16,17,18,19,20] and stretchable substrates [21]. Liu et al [17] highlighted the main challenges faced in designing such flexible heaters; material selection, substrate selection, and deposition technique
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