Abstract
Recently, to meet the growing demand for stable and flexible batteries, anodes in the form of thin films have drawn the attention of researchers. It is clear that mass production of such batteries would bring the worldwide distribution of flexible devices and wearable electronics closer. Currently, electrodes are deposited on a flexible substrate and consist of conductive and binding agents that increase the volume/weight of the electrode. Here, we propose free-standing and non-active-material-free thin films based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) as working electrodes in lithium-ion half-cells prepared via the vacuum-assisted filtration method. The electrochemical performance of the assembled half-cells exhibited good cyclic stability and a reversible capacity at lower current densities. The addition of TiO2 and MnO2 improved the capacity of the rGO film, while rGO itself provided a stable rate performance. rGO/TiO2/MnO2 film showed the highest discharge capacity (483 mAh/g at 50 mA/g). In addition, all assembled cells displayed excellent repeatability and reversibility in cyclic voltammetry measurements and good lithium-ion diffusion through the electrolyte, SEI layer and the active material itself.
Highlights
Due to the constant utilization of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, researchers around the world are persistently searching for energy storage systems that would not emit greenhouse gases nor pollute the environment [1]
The samples were prepared by dropping graphene oxide (GO), TiO2 and/or MnO2 dispersions directly on the TEM grid
Titanium dioxide particles deposited on GO flakes (Figure 2b), demonstrated a tendency to agglomerate into a large irregular form
Summary
Due to the constant utilization of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, researchers around the world are persistently searching for energy storage systems that would not emit greenhouse gases nor pollute the environment [1]. Energy storage systems in these devices should have matching mechanical properties, allowing them to tolerate deformation while maintaining their electrochemical functions [2]. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most prominent power sources for electronic devices because of their high energy density, power density, mechanical stability and rate capability [3]. The cathode, being the source of lithium, determines the average voltage of the battery and its capacity. The cobalt-based electrodes are great for their high volumetric capacity, low self-discharge, high discharge voltage and good cycling performance, but they are quite expensive and have low thermal stability. The manganese-based cathodes are suitable due to their low cost, but they have some limitations, including the tendency of manganese to dissolve into the electrolyte, leading to poor cycling stability
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