Abstract
Demand reduction through voltage control at substations (VCSs) is commonly used. However, during high loading conditions the allowable depth of voltage reduction could be limited by the large voltage drop across the feeders. Distributed voltage control at the points of connection of individual loads (e.g., supply point of a cluster of domestic customers) allows larger flexibility in demand, especially during high loading as demonstrated in this paper. A high-resolution stochastic demand model and the aggregate power-voltage sensitivity of individual domestic customers are used to compare the demand reduction capability of point-of-load voltage control (PVC) against VCS. The rating of the voltage compensators required for PVC is evaluated to weigh the benefits against the required investment. First, the results are shown on a generic low voltage network with random distribution of clusters of domestic customers at various buses and random length of feeder segments to draw general conclusions. Then, the Cigre benchmark medium- and low-voltage networks are used to substantiate the findings. A case study on an islanded microgrid is presented to show that PVC reduces frequency variations caused by fluctuating wind power generation.
Highlights
D ECARBONISATION of the electricity supply sector would require integration of large amounts of intermittent renewable energy sources into the electric power networks
The total demand reduction possible through point-of-load voltage control (PVC) at a given time and the rated capacity of the power electronic compensators (PEC) depends on the aggregate demand and power-voltage dependence of each cluster of domestic customers (CDC) and the voltage across a CDC, all of which vary depending on the time of the day
Improved demand reduction (DR) capability of PVC comes at the expense of requirement of power electronic compensators (PECs) at each CDC
Summary
D ECARBONISATION of the electricity supply sector would require integration of large amounts of intermittent renewable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar power) into the electric power networks. A methodology for estimating the hourly variation of available reserve with PVC was reported in [12] using load disaggregation at the bulk supply point but without considering the distribution network explicitly It is critical for the network operators to know the DR capability of PVC during different time of the day so that they can schedule the conventional operating reserve . 2) A high-resolution domestic demand and power-voltage dependence profile at the cluster of domestic customer (CDC) level is used to quantify the voltage-driven demand reduction capability for PVC and VCS. Competing approaches reported in the literature either considered aggregate load models at the medium voltage (MV) level [4] or used load disaggregation at the bulk supply point [12] Both provide less accurate results compared to the bottom-up approach to voltage-driven demand response adopted in this paper. The scope of this study is limited to domestic sector only as the necessary high time-resolution demand models for industrial and commercial customers is not readily available
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