Flexible demand in the GB domestic electricity sector in 2030

Brian Drysdale,Jianzhong Wu,Nick Jenkins

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.013

Brian Drysdale, Jianzhong Wu + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.013

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Journal: Applied energy	Publication Date: Dec 3, 2014
Citations: 91	License type: cc-by

Affiliation: Cardiff University

Abstract

In order to meet greenhouse gas emissions targets the Great Britain (GB) future electricity supply will include a higher fraction of non-dispatchable generation, increasing opportunities for demand side management to maintain a supply/demand balance. This paper examines the extent of flexible domestic demand (FDD) in GB, its usefulness in system balancing and appropriate incentives to encourage consumers to participate. FDD, classified as electric space and water heating (ESWH), and cold and wet appliances, amounts to 59TWh in 2012 (113TWh total domestic demand) and is calculated to increase to 67TWh in 2030. Summer and winter daily load profiles for flexible loads show significant seasonal and diurnal variations in the total flexible load and between load categories. Low levels of reflective consumer engagement with electricity consumption and a resistance to automation present barriers to effective access to FDD. A value of £1.97/household/year has been calculated for cold appliance loads used for frequency response in 2030, using 2013 market rates. The introduction of smart meters in GB by 2020 will allow access to FDD for system balancing. The low commercial value of individual domestic loads increases the attractiveness of non-financial incentives to fully exploit FDD. It was shown that appliance loads have different characteristics which can contribute to an efficient power system in different ways.

Highlights

The main increases are found in space heating and water heating (ESWH) and the wet and consumer electronics categories, and the main reductions in the cold, computing and lighting categories
This study assumes that 28% of water heating in 2030, i.e. 22,583 GW h, is delivered by heat pumps, which, with a heat pump coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.5 results in
The Great Britain (GB) domestic sector is projected to account for 124.6 TW h annual electricity demand in 2030

Summary

Introduction

Electricity generation and demand side management (DSM). Projected changes to the combination of electricity generating technologies in the UK, partly as a result of efforts to meet climate change emissions reduction targets, will result in less dispatchable (controllable) generation plant available in the future for use in maintaining a balance between supply and demand (Fig. 1). This will create opportunities for demand side management (DSM) to play a more active part in maintaining a balance [5]. The effective exploitation of flexible demand requires loads to be identifiable and accessible, appropriate for the service being called upon i.e. of sufficient size, speed of response and duration, and changes to the loads e.g. load shedding/shifting, must be acceptable to consumers i.e. consumers need to have appropriate incentives to participate

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Conclusion