Abstract
The penetration of solar energy in the modern power system is still increasing with a fast growth rate after long development due to reduced environmental impact and ever-decreasing photovoltaic panel cost. Meanwhile, distribution networks have to deal with a huge amount and frequent fluctuations of power due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, which influences the grid stability and could cause a voltage rise in the low-voltage grid. In order to reduce these fluctuations and ensure a stable and reliable power supply, energy storage systems are introduced, as they can absorb or release energy on demand, which provides more control flexibility for PV systems. At present, storage technologies are still under development and integrated in renewable applications, especially in smart grids, where lowering the cost and enhancing the reliability are the main tasks. This study reviews and discusses several active power control strategies for hybrid PV and energy storage systems that deliver ancillary services for grid support. The technological advancements and developments of energy storage systems in grid-tied PV applications are also reviewed.
Highlights
PV energy has grown rapidly in the last few years and has occupied quite a proportion of the electricity market in some regions and power systems
Literature [31] proposed a multi-timescale hybrid energy storage power coordination control strategy based on a hybrid ESS (HESS) including compressed air, battery, and supercapacitor to smooth out the power fluctuation
The configuration of dummy loads integrated into PV systems can be demonstrated in Figure 1b, where the battery is replaced with dummy loads, and a matrix converter is commonly adopted as the DC/DC stage connected to the DC bus
Summary
PV energy has grown rapidly in the last few years and has occupied quite a proportion of the electricity market in some regions and power systems. ESS can provide additional power when PV production is insufficient (e.g., in rainy days) and absorb surplus energy in peak power generation hours In this way, ESS can be controlled to regulate the output power of the PV-ESS systems according to specific grid codes, the reliability of the grid can be improved. These control methods shift the operation point of the maximum power point (MPP), the total energy yield will be reduced, which decreases the utilization of solar energy, meaning a loss of revenue for the plant owner In this regard, ESS can be integrated to provide various support functions to the grid, according to the commands from distribution system operators. Future trends of flexible power control for PV systems are discussed in Section 5, which forms the conclusion of this paper
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