Abstract
This paper proposes a method for analyzing and simulating the time-dependent flexibility of electric vehicle (EV) demand. This flexibility is influenced by charging power, which depends on the charging stations, the EV characteristics, and several environmental factors. Detailed charging station data from a Dutch case study have been analysed and used as input for a simulation. In the simulation, the interdependencies between plug-in time, connection duration, and required energy are respected. The data analysis of measured data reveals that 59% of the aggregated EV demand can be delayed for more than 8 h, and 16% for even more than 24 h. The evening peak shows high flexibility, confirming the feasibility of congestion management using smart charging within flexibility constraints. The results from the simulation show that the average daily EV demand increases by a factor 21 between the ‘Present-day’ and the ‘High’ scenario, while the maximum EV demand peak increases only by a factor 6, as a result of the limited simultaneity of the transactions. Further, simulations using the average charging power of individual measured transactions yield more accurate results than simulations using a fixed value for charging power. The proposed method for simulating future EV flexibility provides a basis for testing different smart charging algorithms.
Highlights
IntroductionThe number of electric vehicles (EVs) has rapidly increased in the Netherlands
Over the past years, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has rapidly increased in the Netherlands.The total number of Dutch electric passenger cars was about 143,000 by the end of December 2018 [1], which is 1.7% of the Dutch passenger car stock
It is shown that local battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have a relatively high impact on the aggregated EV demand in comparison with the other EV categories
Summary
The number of electric vehicles (EVs) has rapidly increased in the Netherlands. The total number of Dutch electric passenger cars was about 143,000 by the end of December 2018 [1], which is 1.7% of the Dutch passenger car stock. Of these EVs, 31.5% were battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 68.4% plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [1]. Of the new passenger cars sold being equipped with an electrical drive train in 2025, and 100% of all new passenger cars sold being zero-emission in 2030 [1]. By the end of December 2018, there were
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