Abstract
Flaxseed oil is recognized as the plant source richest in α-linolenic acid, whereas clove leaf essential oil has a strong antioxidant capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity of diets containing a combination of flaxseed oil (FO) and clove leaf essential oil (CLEO), as well as to use zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess their effect on the animals’ growth. Fifty days after hatching, a total of 420 male specimens (0.29 ± 0.04 g) were divided into seven groups for each diet and fed for 55 days to be used, with the diets being: control, absent FO and CLEO; 3% FO + 0.5% CLEO; 3% FO + 1% CLEO; 6% FO + 0.5% CLEO; 6% FO + 1% CLEO; 9% FO + 0.5% CLEO and 9% FO + 1% CLEO. Antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests, showing interaction effect between factors (FO x CLEO, p < 0.05); the diets containing 1% combined with 3, 6 or 9% of FO presented means higher than those of the 0.5% diets. No mortality was observed during the experiment. For final weight and weight gain, there was no interaction effect (p > 0.05), only isolated effect for FO, with the fish fed 6 and 9% diets having the best results. Final total length and specific growth rates showed interaction effect (p < 0.05). As for specific growth rates, the best response was that of the diet with 6% FO and 0.5% CLEO. Final length showed increase with FO levels, even when there was association with 0.5 or 1% of CLEO. Therefore, combined use of 9% of FL with 0.5% of CLEO is recommended for zebrafish.
Highlights
Fish, just as other vertebrates, cannot synthesize linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), since they do not have the specific desaturase enzyme that turns them into essential fatty acids; both acids must be provided by means of diets to prevent nutritional deficiencies (Teitelbaum & Walker, 2011; Souza, Anido, & Tognon, 2007), for being fundamental to enable normal growth and animal survival (Sargent, Tocher, & Bell, 2002)
Flaxseed oil differs from other vegetable oils for being the richest source of α-linolenic acid (Popa et al, 2012) and a precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are physiologically important with their immunological function (Nayak, Saha, Pradhan, Samanta, & Giri, 2017)
The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity of diets containing a combination of flaxseed oil (FO) and clove leaf essential oil (CLEO) through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) tests, use zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess their effect on the growth of the animals fed with these diets
Summary
Just as other vertebrates, cannot synthesize linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), since they do not have the specific desaturase enzyme that turns them into essential fatty acids; both acids must be provided by means of diets to prevent nutritional deficiencies (Teitelbaum & Walker, 2011; Souza, Anido, & Tognon, 2007), for being fundamental to enable normal growth and animal survival (Sargent, Tocher, & Bell, 2002). Excessive amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as α-linolenic, in dietscan raise lipid unsaturation levels in fish tissues and make fish prone to attack by free radicals (EROS) (Kiron, Fukuda, Toshio, & Watanabe, 1995). These EROS, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl, can attack the phospholipid membrane of the cells, react with cellular proteins and nucleic acids, and damage them, leading to immunosuppression (Sotoudeh, Kenari, Khodabandeh, & Khajeh, 2015). Clove oil has the highest antioxidant capacity among commonly marketed essential oils (Teixeira et al, 2013)
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