Abstract
The flavonoids 5,6,7,8,9-hydroxy chalcone, 3,7-hydroxy-4′methoxy flavone, 5,6,7,8-hydroxy-4′-methoxy flavone and 3,5,6,7,4′-hydroxy flavone can be detected only in non-mycorrhizal roots of white clover, but not in mycorrhizal roots, whereas the flavonoids acacetin, quercetin and rhamnetin are only present in mycorrhizal roots. We tested the effect of several concentrations of these compounds on spore germination, hyphal growth, hyphal branching, formation of clusters of auxiliary cells and of secondary spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices. Our results indicate that depending on the flavonoid, the tested compounds are involved at different stages in the regulation of mycorrhization. This hypothesis is strengthened by their differing effect on several AM fungal growth parameters. Furthermore, our study provides more data on the AM fungus genus/species specificity of flavonoids.
Highlights
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiotic plantfungus association which can be found in most land plants (Harley & Harley 1987)
In a recent study Ponce et al (2004) showed that the flavonoid pattern in white clover is altered after colonization by the AM fungus Glomus intraradices
In the present work we studied the effect of all flavonoids detected in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of white clover on spore germination and several other AM fungal growth parameter
Summary
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiotic plantfungus association which can be found in most land plants (Harley & Harley 1987). The establishment of the AM symbiosis is the result of a complex exchange of signals between AM fungi and the host plant (Vierheilig 2004a) initiating various metabolic changes, e.g., the alteration of the flavonoid pattern, in the host root. In a recent study Ponce et al (2004) showed that the flavonoid pattern in white clover is altered after colonization by the AM fungus Glomus intraradices. Several flavonoids such as 5,6,7,8,9-hydroxy chalcone (NM7); 3,7-hydroxy4?methoxy flavone; 5,6,7,8-hydroxy-4?-methoxy flavone (RR4) and 3,5,6,7,4?-hydroxy flavone (RR4 Á/2) could be exclusively detected in non-mycorrhizal white clover roots, whereas others (acacetin, quercetin and rhamnetin) were newly synthesized in mycorrhizal roots. The flavonoid 3,5,6,7,8-hydroxy-4?-methoxy flavone was detected in roots of nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal white clover plants
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