Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds spotted in various fruits, vegetables, barks, tea plants, and stems and many more natural commodities. They have a multitude of applications through their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic properties, along with the ability to assist in the stimulation of bone formation. Bone, a rigid connective body tissue made up of cells embedded in a mineralised matrix is maintained by an assemblage of pathways assisting osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. These have a significant impact on a plethora of bone diseases. The homeostasis between osteoblast and osteoclast formation decides the integrity and structure of the bone. The flavonoids discussed here are quercetin, kaempferol, icariin, myricetin, naringin, daidzein, luteolin, genistein, hesperidin, apigenin and several other flavonoids. The effects these flavonoids have on the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein 2/SMAD (BMP2/SMAD) signalling pathways, and apoptotic pathways lead to impacts on bone remodelling. In addition, these polyphenols regulate angiogenesis, decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines and play a crucial role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Considering these important effects of flavonoids, they may be regarded as a promising agent in treating bone-related ailments in the future.
Highlights
Bone is a composite structure that handles a multitude of processes such as preservation of skeletal size, shape integrity, harbouring marrow and controlling mineral homeostasis
The current treatment options consisting of antiresorptive agents and/or anabolic agents are not free from adverse effects that limit their use [66]
There is no single mechanism that can elucidate the actions of flavonoids, rather it is a combination of a myriad of pathways
Summary
Bone is a composite structure that handles a multitude of processes such as preservation of skeletal size, shape integrity, harbouring marrow and controlling mineral homeostasis. The truth is that the mechanisms of bone remodelling aren’t clearly laid out yet [3] This gives a great opportunity for researchers to study and understand deeply about the mechanisms in the near future. Study of history has always helped us to correct our mistakes and improve our knowledge of the concerned arena In this case, several kinds of research on bone diseases in humans and animals have assisted in gaining knowledge on the mechanisms of bone remodelling cycle. Flavonoids have many beneficial effects stemming from the significant presence of antioxidant activity, anti-resorptive effects and free radical scavenging capacities [5] They play a prime role in various sectors ranging from nutritional, pharmaceutical to medicinal and cosmetic applications. Science is yet to divulge into the actualities of molecular mechanisms of flavonoids, and this paper attempts to devise a link between flavonoids and their potential to provide a cure for bone diseases like osteoporosis, inflammation of bone associated with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease, and to give a lucid comprehension of primal flavonoids and the benefits they provide in the systemic metabolism of humans
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