Abstract
Neuroplasticity is a complex physiological process occurring in the brain for its entire life. However, it is of particular importance in the case of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Neurological recovery largely depends on the ability to reestablish the structural and functional organization of neurovascular networks, which must be pharmacologically supported. For this reason, new forms of therapy are constantly being sought. Including adjuvant therapies in standard treatment may support the enhancement of repair processes and restore impaired brain functions. The common hallmark of nerve tissue damage is increased by oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, the studies on flavonoids with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as a potential application in neuro intervention have been carried out for a long time. However, recent results have revealed another important property of these compounds in CNS therapy. Flavonoids possess neuroprotective activity, and promote synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, by, among other means, inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This paper presents an overview of the latest knowledge on the impact of flavonoids on the plasticity processes of the brain, taking into account the molecular basis of their activity.
Highlights
Civilizational development, advances in medicine and lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, contribute to the constant improvement of the quality of human life
The plasticity processes are influenced by therapeutic methods based on physical stimuli, e.g., therapeutic hypothermia, deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [3]
The activation of signaling pathways through tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptors requires adapter proteins containing Src Homology 2 (SH-2) or phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, which induce intracellular signaling PI3K/Akt pathways leading to the activation of the expression of genes involved in brain plasticity
Summary
Civilizational development, advances in medicine and lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, contribute to the constant improvement of the quality of human life. The brain’s ability to create structural and functional adaptive changes is known as brain plasticity This process includes neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical changes of the CNS. The direct binding of growth factors to Trk receptors causes their dimerization and phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain, leading to the activation of tyrosine kinases [7]. The activation of signaling pathways through Trk receptors requires adapter proteins containing Src Homology 2 (SH-2) or phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, which induce intracellular signaling PI3K/Akt pathways leading to the activation of the expression of genes involved in brain plasticity. The adapter protein Gab-1 and the formation of the complex facilitate the activation of PI-3 kinase [11] Another important component of brain plasticity is neurogenesis, which is regulated by microenvironmental factors, neurotrophins, neurotransmitters, growth factors and hormones [12]. Taking the above into account, the aim of this work is to review the latest research on the use of flavonoids as enhancers of neuroplasticity in the treatment of CNS diseases
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