Abstract
Chlorothalonil is a conventional chloroaromatic fungicide and is toxic to many aquatic species. This study was designed to investigate the effects of six flavonoids on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light. Flavonoids sensitized the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light by 6.7-18.3 and 2.4-7.5 times, respectively, in comparison with a flavonoid-free control. Photosensitization effect of each of the six flavonoids was greater under sunlight irradiation than under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cyanidin showed greater photosensitization effects than luteolin, galangin, quercetin, morin and kaempferol. Chlorothalonil underwent photo-reductive dechlorination and no hydrolysis product was formed in the presence of flavonoids. Hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals were detected in the absence and presence of cyanidin, respectively, under light irradiation. The photosensitization effect of flavonoids on chlorothalonil photolysis is apparently related to flavonoid structure and might be due to their hydrogen donation capacity. These results highlight benefit of using flavonoids to manage aquatic pollution and reduce aquatic toxicity, and have great relevance in predicting the degradation kinetics and biological impacts of chlorothalonil in surface water. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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