Abstract
Scutellariae radix, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, has long been applied in traditional formulations and modern herbal medications. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) in follicles can trigger inflammation and lead to the symptom of inflammatory acnes vulgaris. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Scutellariae radix extract and purified components isolated from it on inflammation induced by P. acnes in vitro and in vivo. The results showed the ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fraction from the partition of crude ethanolic extract from Scutellariae radix inhibited P. acnes-induced interleukin IL-8 and IL-1β production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Seven flavones were isolated from the EA fraction by repeated chromatographies, and identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (FL1, oroxylin), 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL2, wogonin), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL3, 7-O-methylwogonin), 5,6′-dihydroxy-6,7,8,2′-tetramethoxy flavone (FL4, skullcapflavone II), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (FL5), 5,2′,6′-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (FL6, viscidulin II), and 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxy-8,6′-dimethoxyflavone (FL7, ganhuangenin). They all significantly suppressed P. acnes-induced IL-8 and IL-1β production in THP-1 cells, and FL2 exerted the strongest effect with half maximal inhibition (IC50) values of 8.7 and 4.9 μM, respectively. Concomitant intradermal injection of each of the seven flavones (20 μg) with P. acnes effectively attenuated P. acnes-induced ear swelling, and decreased the production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ear homogenates. Our results suggested that all the seven flavones can be potential therapeutic agents against P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
Highlights
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases
IL-8 is IL-8 the is major inflammatory mediator andand a strong chemotactic lesions the major inflammatory mediator a strong chemotacticfactor factorfor for neutrophils, neutrophils, basophils, and IL-8 has been implicated in mounting an inflammatory response basophils, and T cells
Ethylacetate (EA) fraction was cytotoxic to THP-1 cells when the concentrations applied were higher than 20 μg/mL
Summary
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium species, may play a major role in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction by stimulating the secretion of interleukin (IL)-18, tumor necrosis. Molecules 2016, 21, 15; doi:10.3390/molecules21010015 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules factor TNFα, IL-8, and IL-12 by monocytic cells, and eventually the development of inflammatory [2,3]. IL-8 is IL-8 the is major inflammatory mediator andand a strong chemotactic lesions [2,3]. The major inflammatory mediator a strong chemotacticfactor factorfor for neutrophils, neutrophils, basophils, and T cells. IL-8 has been implicated in mounting an inflammatory response basophils, and T cells. IL-8 has been implicated in mounting an inflammatory response in in acne acne lesions [4]
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