Abstract
FSC is shown to be an excellent model of Penrose’s Weyl curvature hypothesis and his concept of gravitational entropy. The assumptions of FSC allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time. This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe. Furthermore, by virtue of the same physical assumptions applying at any cosmic time t, the perpetually-flat FSC model predicts the degree of scale invariance observed in the CMB anisotropy pattern, without requiring an explosive and exceedingly brief inflationary epoch. Penrose’s concepts, as described in this paper, provide support for the idea that FSC models gravitational entropy and Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory.
Highlights
Introduction and BackgroundIf the expanding universe follows the second law of thermodynamics, the total cosmic entropy of each earlier epoch in time must have had a lower value
The assumptions of Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) allow for the minimum entropy at the inception of the cosmic expansion and rigorously define a cosmological arrow of time
This is in sharp contrast to inflationary models, which appear to violate the second law of thermodynamics within the early universe
Summary
If the expanding universe follows the second law of thermodynamics, the total cosmic entropy of each earlier epoch in time must have had a lower value. In 1979, before any theories of inflation were proposed, Penrose first addressed the tension between the remarkable apparent homogeneity and isotropy of the universe ( inherent in the FLRW model) and the second law requirement of extremely low beginning entropy. He introduced the concept of “gravitational entropy”, wherein the ongoing clustering of stars and galaxies, and the formation of black holes, is in the direction of ever-greater total cosmic entropy. The following section presents the current five basic assumptions of FSC
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