Abstract

Current EPA regulations mandate a minimum combustion zone heating value of 270 BTU/scf and a net heating value dilution parameter of NHVdil ≥ 22 BTU/ft2 for all steam/air/non-assisted flares while maintaining a high combustion efficiency (CE). To achieve the target performance along with satisfying the EPA regulations, it is necessary to understand the influence of various operating parameters. Studying the effect of operating parameters through experiments is both expensive and time consuming. It is more cost effective to use validated models to guide flare operations. In this study, controlled flare test data conducted from 1983 to 2014 with a wide range of exit velocities, heating values, and fuel compositions have been modeled. The purpose of this study is to develop models that can be robustly used in the industry to achieve the desired CE without visible emissions (smoke). Steam-/air-assist rates, exit velocity, and the vent gas composition, which can be either controlled or measured in flare operations, are used as independent variables in the models. Neural network (NN) models were developed for the air-assisted, steam-assisted, and non-assisted flares using various types of fuels like propylene, propane, natural gas, methane, and ethylene. The flare performance models such as CE and opacity were developed using neural network toolbox in MATLAB. NN models for steam and air-assisted flare tests are in good agreement with experimental data and have been demonstrated by the average correlation coefficient of 0.95 and 0.97 for air-assisted and steam-assisted flare data, respectively. The very low mean absolute errors of 1.1% and 1.4% for air-assisted and steam-assisted flare data, respectively, also indicate the robustness of the NN models. 2-D and 3-D contour plots are presented to show the effect of key operating parameters. The set points (amount of steam/air/make-up fuel required) at the Incipient Smoke Point (ISP) and for Smokeless Flaring (SLF) have been developed based on the neural network models performed in this study. Desirable operating inputs can be set for the ISP and for SLF (Opacity ≤ OpacityISP) subject to heating value constraints (NHVdil ≥ 22 BTU/ft2 & NHVCZ ≥ 270 BTU/scf) with a high CE (≥ 96.5%) for the 1984 EPA and 2010 TCEQ flare study test cases.

Highlights

  • Introduction and literature surveyWhen utilization or conservation of waste gas streams is not practicable, flaring is environmentally preferable to venting since this tends to reduce Green House Gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) emissions

  • The USEPA states that destruction efficiency for normal industrial flaring practices is 98%, these assumptions are under scrutiny by agencies these days

  • This study focuses on developing robust neural network inferential flare models that can (1) express combustion efficiency (CE) and opacity as a function of operating variables, (2) identify the steam and fuel set points of the incipient smoke point (ISP) and smokeless flaring (SLF) for N­ HVCZ ≥ 270 Btu/scf and ­NHVdil ≥ 22 Btu/ft2 and at the lowest fuel assist, The inferential models can be used to predict the steam/air and fuel set points in a feed-forward manner

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Summary

Introduction

When utilization or conservation of waste gas streams is not practicable, flaring is environmentally preferable to venting since this tends to reduce Green House Gases, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) emissions. This seemingly simple process is rather complicated since flare performance is affected by many parameters, most of which never remain constant. In a research by Ismail et al, percentage of stoichiometric air, natural gas type, carbon mass content, impurities and combustion efficiency of the flare system impact the quantity and pattern of chemical species in combustion zone during flaring [6]. There is a need to consider skewed distributions when assessing flare impacts globally

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