Abstract
Thermoregulating microcapsules (MC) with flame-retardant properties were used to produce polyurethane (PU) foams. Thermogravimetric analyses of the microcapsules performed under atmospheric air and nitrogen confirmed that the hexa(methacryloylethylenedioxy) cyclotriphosphazene (PNC-HEMA) monomer raised the amount of residue after exposure to high temperature, proving the formation of a thermally stable char layer. Additionally, the flame-retardant properties of the microcapsules were analyzed by micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC), and the PU foams were tested by both MCC and cone calorimetry. The total heat release and maximum heat release rate were lower for microcapsules containing the flame-retardant PNC-HEMA. The composition of the microcapsules has been proved by MCC and TGA, where the release of the encapsulated phase change material (PCM) occurred at the expected temperature. However, in PU foams, the release of PCM is shifted to higher temperatures. Accordingly, these materials can be considered as an important alternative to commonly used microcapsules containing phase PCMs, where a lower flammability is required for their future application.Graphic abstract
Highlights
The total energy consumption is increasing quickly every year whereas the production of environmentally friendly energy is not enough to ensure the energy demand, which results in undesired environmental consequences
The microcapsules with various amounts of the paraffin RubithermÒRT27 (RT27) as the core and a copolymer of styrene (S), divinylbenzene (DVB) and hexa(methacryloylethylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (PNC-HEMA) as a shell were synthesized by suspension-like polymerization
Shells of S, DVB and PNC-HEMA terpolymer (P(S-DVB-PNC-HEMA)) resulted in a morphology varying according to RT27/monomer and S-DVB/PNC-HEMA mass ratios
Summary
The total energy consumption is increasing quickly every year whereas the production of environmentally friendly energy is not enough to ensure the energy demand, which results in undesired environmental consequences. Utilizing bulk quantities of organic PCMs such as paraffin or fatty acids results in low thermal conductivity, flammability, solidification around the edges, and diminished heat transfer [2, 3]. The shell of the microcapsules prevents leakage of the encapsulated PCMs, and interactions with the building materials It improves the heat transfer area per microcapsule unit volume and ensures the ability to withstand volume change during phase change [4]. Drawbacks such as lower thermal conductivity and increased flammability limit the application of these thermoregulating microcapsules
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