Fjords: Processes and Products

Abstract

1 Introduction.- 1 Fjords and Their Study.- 1.1 Definition, Distribution, and History.- 1.2 Environmental Setting and Study.- 1.3 The Past, Present, and Future of Fjord Research.- 2 Environmental Setting.- 2.1 Geomorphology.- 2.2 Climate.- 2.3 Oceanographic Characteristics.- 2.4 Sediment Sources and Transport Mechanisms.- 2.5 Fjord History.- 2.6 Characteristic Features of Fjord Coastlines.- 2.7 Summary.- 2 Processes and Products.- 3 The Fluvial-Deltaic Environment.- 3.1 Runoff.- 3.2 Sediment Transport.- 3.3 Paraglacial Sedimentation.- 3.4 Fjord-Head Deltas.- 3.5 Summary.- 4 Circulation and Sediment Dynamics.- 4.1 Fjord Estuarine Circulation.- 4.2 Hypopycnal Sedimentation.- 4.3 Hyperpycnal Flow.- 4.4 Flushing and Deep Water Renewal.- 4.5 Ice Influences.- 4.6 Mixing Processes and the Seafloor Environment.- 4.7 Summary.- 5 Subaqueous Slope Failures.- 5.1 Mass Sediment Properties and Subaqueous Slope Stability.- 5.2 Release Mechanisms.- 5.3 Mass Transport Processes.- 5.4 The Products of Subaqueous Slope Failure.- 5.5 Summary.- 6 Biotic Processes.- 6.1 Pelagic and Littoral Processes.- 6.2 The Fjord Benthic Environment.- 6.3 Summary.- 7 Biogeochemistry.- 7.1 Particulate Sediment.- 7.2 Aerobic Diagenetic Reactions.- 7.3 Anoxic Environments.- 7.4 Summary.- 3 Implications/Applications.- 8 Environmental Problems: Case Histories.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Agfardlikavsa Fjord, Greenland.- 8.3 Resurrection Bay, Alaska.- 8.4 Port Valdez, Alaska.- 8.5 Howe Sound, British Columbia.- 8.6 Rupert Inlet, British Columbia.- 8.7 Saguenay Fjord, Quebec.- 8.8 Iddefjord, Norway/Sweden.- 8.9 Saudafjord, Southwest Norway.- 8.10 Sorfjord, West Norway.- 8.11 Ranafjord, Northern Norway.- 8.12 Loch Eil, Scotland.- 8.13 By fjord, Sweden.- 8.14 Summary of Impacts in Other Fjords.- 9 Future Fjord Research.- 9.1 Oceanographic Problems and Projects.- 9.2 Biogeochemical Problems and Projects.- 9.3 Biological Problems and Projects.- 9.4 Geological-Related Problems and Projects.- 9.5 Approaches.- References.- Fjord Index.