Fixed points and iterations of mean-type mappings

Abstract

Abstract Let (X, d) be a metric space and T: X → X a continuous map. If the sequence (T n)n∈ℕ of iterates of T is pointwise convergent in X, then for any x ∈ X, the limit $$\mu _T (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } T^n (x)$$ is a fixed point of T. The problem of determining the form of µT leads to the invariance equation µT ○ T = µT, which is difficult to solve in general if the set of fixed points of T is not a singleton. We consider this problem assuming that X = I p, where I is a real interval, p ≥ 2 a fixed positive integer and T is the mean-type mapping M =(M 1,...,M p) of I p. In this paper we give the explicit forms of µM for some classes of mean-type mappings. In particular, the classical Pythagorean harmony proportion can be interpreted as an important invariance equality. Some applications are presented. We show that, in general, the mean-type mappings are not non-expansive.