Abstract
It is probably true to say that bullying is the psychosocial phenomenon which has attracted the most attention in academic circles over the last ten years. It affects approximately three to five percent of adolescents from twelve to eighteen years of age worldwide to a serious degree and up to twenty percent of this population to a lesser degree. The long and short term effects of bullying are considered to be extremely damaging. The importance of this phenomenon is that it may give rise to low self-esteem, anomie, depression, isolation, psychosomatic symptoms, failure at school and in extreme cases, it may result in suicide and future incidences of bullying in the workplace and within the home. As the number and the seriousness of incidents increases, many parents worry that the problem is spiralling out of control. In recent years, there has been a proliferation of publications on bullying, with an emphasis on how, when and where it occurs, but not on the factors which cause it. This meta-analysis studies the influence of five social environmental variables: neighborhood, family, school, gender-age and the mass media, considered on both an individual and interactional level, as their effects are often augmented when two or more variables are examined together. The concept “bullying” encompasses both individual and collective aggression and individual and collective victimization.
Highlights
Bullying can be defined as a form of low-intensity violence which occurs in schools and which may be labelled as a subtype of the aggression aimed at proving that the victim is weaker than the aggressor; the act of transgression is intentional and takes place at regular intervals over time (Baldry & Farrington, 2005) and includes hitting and teasing, as well as more passive forms such exclusion from conversation and play (OECD, 2009)
Bullying in adolescents and early young can be explained by five contextual independent variables: neighborhood, family, school, gender-age, and mass media
It must be remembered that neighborhood reflects the social stratification of the city, which implies inequality: a contrast between good infrastructure, town planning, recreation areas and, residents, who are interested in living in well-ordered surroundings, and a lack of all the former characteristics, encountered in more deprived areas
Summary
It is probably true to say that bullying is the psychosocial phenomenon which has attracted the most attention in academic circles over the last ten years. The long and short term effects of bullying are considered to be extremely damaging The importance of this phenomenon is that it may give rise to low self-esteem, anomie, depression, isolation, psychosomatic symptoms, failure at school and in extreme cases, it may result in suicide and future incidences of bullying in the workplace and within the home. There has been a proliferation of publications on bullying, with an emphasis on how, when and where it occurs, but not on the factors which cause it This meta-analysis studies the influence of five social environmental variables: neighborhood, family, school, gender-age and the mass media, considered on both an individual and interactional level, as their effects are often augmented when two or more variables are examined together.
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