Fitness Costs of Two Maize Lepidopteran Pests Fed on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Diets Enriched with Vitamins A and C

Carmen López,Daniela Zanga,Matilde Eizaguirre,Pilar Muñoz,Patricia Sarai Girón-Calva

doi:10.3390/insects12080718

Abstract

Simple SummaryBiotechnologists are designing new transgenic plants enriched with micronutrients and vitamins that are resistant to insects. These new plants could favor the development of some pest insects. This work aims to discover the effect of adding two vitamins, A and C, to insect diets prepared with Bt and no-Bt maize in two maize insect pests. M. unipuncta was less sensitive to the toxin, although ingestion of the Bt diet resulted in longer larval development and lower pupal weight, which were not mitigated by any of the vitamins. However, the two vitamins reduced the mortality of H. armigera larvae fed on the Bt diet. In addition, we found evidence of the antioxidant function of vitamin A. The results obtained here indicate that crops enriched with these vitamins will hardly favor the development of H. armigera and suggest that they do not affect M. unipuncta’s development at all.Serious malnutrition problems occur in developing countries where people’s diets are mainly based on staple crops. To alleviate this, high-production crops are being developed that are better adapted to climate change, enriched in micronutrients and vitamins, or resistant to pests. In some cases, new varieties have been developed with several of the characteristics mentioned above, such as biofortified and pest-resistant crops. The development of biofortified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops raises the question of whether vitamin enrichment of Bt crops can in any way favor those pests that are not very susceptible to the Bt toxin that feed on these crops, such as Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) or Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In this study, the response to a Bt diet enriched with vitamins A (β-carotene) and C (ascorbic acid) was somewhat different between the two species. M. unipuncta was less sensitive to the toxin than H. armigera, although the ingestion of the Bt diet resulted in oxidative stress (longer larval development and lower pupal weight) which was not mitigated by the vitamins. However, the two vitamins reduced the mortality of H. armigera larvae fed on a Bt-enriched diet; in addition, ß-carotene reduced the activity of the antioxidant glutathione S-transferase (GST) of both species, suggesting it has an antioxidant role. The results obtained here indicate that biofortified Bt crops will not favor the development of H. armigera very much and will not affect M. unipuncta’s development at all, although the effect of the increase in vitamins may be very variable and should be studied for each specific phytophagous.

Highlights

Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsMalnutrition is a serious problem in many developing countries where people’s diets are mainly based on staple crops that are poor in micronutrients [1]
The duration of the L6 instar of H. armigera larvae fed on the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) diet resulted to be longer than that of the larvae fed on the non-Bt diet (F254, 2 = 2124.9344, p = 0.001) and the ascorbic acid (AsA) vitamin affected the duration depending on the dose (F254, 2 = 6.4173, p = 0.0019) (Figure 1A)
The length of the L6 instar of M. unipuncta larvae was influenced by the interaction between the type of diet (Bt or non-Bt) and the presence of the two vitamins (Asa and β-carotene)

Summary

Introduction

Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsMalnutrition is a serious problem in many developing countries where people’s diets are mainly based on staple crops (rice, sorghum, or maize) that are poor in micronutrients (vitamins, iron, and zinc) [1]. Hunger and malnutrition are increasing, with approximately 108 million individuals in 48 countries at risk or in severe food insecurity For these reasons, research on new staple crops with higher yields, better adaptation to climate change, and improved ability to produce vitamins and micronutrients has been considered a challenge to mitigate world hunger. Many new, biofortified, conventional or transgenic staple crops with enhanced nutritional traits, such as the accumulation of high levels of β-carotene and vitamin C (AsA), are under development or nearing commercialisation [5,6]. Some examples of these developing biofortified transgenic crops are transgenic biofortified sorghum for nutritional improvement [7] or the ‘Golden’ rice, recently authorised for consumption in the Philippines [8].

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