Fish Meal as a Food for Clothes Moths

Deterioration of Fisheries and Improvement Procedure of Fisheries: the Improvement Procedure of Inland and Marine Fisheries throughout the World

This document provides an overview of clothes moths, including the webbing clothes moth and the case-making clothes moth. It details their biology, life cycle, and the damage they cause to fabrics and natural fibers. The document emphasizes the importance of good housekeeping, proper storage, and various control methods such as cleaning, using airtight containers, and applying insecticides. It also highlights the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and the need for professional pest control in severe infestations. Publication date: January 1994.

A MONG entomologists there are well known to be two very common moths the larvae of which are destructive to fabrics; namely, the case-making clothes moth (Tinea pellionella L.) and the webbing clothes moth (Tineola biselliela Hum.); the tapestry moth (Trichophaga tapetzella L.) is much less frequent but is occasionally destructive. In the case-making clothes moth, the larva makes a portable habitation out of its silk, together with fragments of the material upon which it feeds. It withdraws completely into the case when resting, but when feeding or moving it protrudes its head and foremost body-segments. Pupation also takes place within the case, which is sealed up and anchored to the fabric or other object. The webbing clothes moth is the most abundant species of the three; its larva does not construct a portable case, but spins silken tunnels wherever it crawls over the material which it is consuming. When fully fed it constructs a silken cocoon intermixed with particles of fabric and excrement; this pupal shelter, therefore, is quite different from that of the species previously mentioned. In the rarer tapestry moth the larva constructs silk-lined burrows through the substance of the material which it infests.

(A) Roaches (Blattella germanica L.) can be conveniently reared in large numbers by using a simple rearing cage which is described. The technique employed in rearing these insects is given. (B) The webbing clothes moths (Tineola biselliella Hummel) have been reared very easily in small containers housed in an insectary. The methods used in rearing large numbers of clothes moths is described. (C) The common bean weevil (Bruchus obtectus Say), the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryza L.), and the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Fab.) were reared in large tin drums kept in an insectary. The simple procedures employed in rearing these insects are given.

Clothes moths are the chief household pests in Vancouver, British Columbia. Two species occur, Tineola biselliella St. the webbing clothes moth and Tinea pelionella L. the case-making clothes moth; the former is uncomfortably abundant while the latter is rare.

Clothesmoths catch data fromhistoric properties confirms numbers are on the increase in England. Citizen science research was conducted using Tineola bisselliella pheromone traps handed out from English Heritage properties from April to September 2017. One hundred and ninety-two participants recorded moth counts from residential properties in 42 counties in England. Using an average number of moths per trap, geographical spread indicates higher numbers in warmer southern counties of England. Pale-backed clothes moths Monopis crocicapitella were caught in significant numbers suggesting a new insect pest risk for historic house collections. Threshold numbers for clothes moths that could indicate an active infestation are proposed. Residential flats appear to be more vulnerable to clothes moth activity possibly related to the shared walls or spaces. The research was launched using a public relations campaign called ‘Operation Clothes Moth’ which generated major media activity across the internet, radio, television, newspapers and magazines. Public awareness of insect pest management, preventive conservation and the work of conservators and conservation scientists was significantly increased.

Biscuit beetle (<em>Stegobium paniceum</em>) and webbing clothes moth (<em>Tineola bisselliella</em>) cause much damage to museum objects. Some objects and materials are very attractive to these two pest species and objects are often re-infested after treatment. For some years parasitoid wasps have been used in biological pest control to treat and reduce infestations of stored product pests in food processing facilities. Their application in museums is still new and in a research stage. Results from five different museums in Germany and Austria and their application are presented. <em>Lariophagus distinguendus</em> wasps were released against <em>Stegobium paniceum</em> in the municipal library Augsburger Stadtarchiv (Germany), the Ethnological Museum in Berlin (Germany) and the Picture Gallery in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (Austria). <em>Trichogramma evanescens </em>were released against <em>Tineola bisselliella </em>in the Technisches Museum in Vienna (Austria) and in the Deutsches Museum Verkehrszentrum in Munich (Germany). Results show that for active biscuit beetle infestations good results can be expected using the <em>Lariophagus distinguendus </em>in museums. Active clothes moth infestations are harder to treat but with a very regular and long-term exposure to the wasps, the clothes moth population can be reduced over the years. We see the application of parasitoid wasps as part of an Integrated Pest Management concept that should be used besides regular insect monitoring and other preventive measures. Difficulties, limitations and research needs in the application of parasitoid wasps in museums are discussed.

This study aimed to determine the integrative characterisation of nematodes from three species of edible flathead fishes (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) in New South Wales, Australia, and describe nematode communities within three species of flatheads. Tiger (Platycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau); n = 20) and sand flatheads (Platycephalus bassensis (Cuvier); n = 20), sourced from the Nelson Bay area, and dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus (Cuvier); n = 20) from the Manning River, Taree, were examined for the presence of nematodes. The nematodes were initially classified morphologically as 12 different morphotypes belonging to the families Anisakidae (Anisakis types I, II, and III, Contracaecum type II, Terranova types I and II), Raphidascarididae (Hysterothylacium types IV, VI, VIII, and H. zhoushanense larva), and Gnathostomatidae (Echinocephalus sp. larva), Capillariidae (Capillaria sp.), followed by genetic identification through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) regions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the evolutionary relationship between the identified larval specimens in the present study with available GenBank larval and adult nematodes. Sand flathead was 90% infected with nematodes followed by tiger flathead at 85% and dusky flathead at 15%. Nematodes infecting estuarine dusky and oceanic sand and tiger flatheads contrasted markedly. The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed significant differences (p < 0.001) in the composition of taxa within nematode communities between the three species of flatheads (global R = 0.208) with the highest difference being between sand and dusky flatheads (R = 0.308, p < 0.001). The findings of the present study provide a foundation for future investigations of the community composition, life cycles, and distribution of nematode populations in edible fish in Australia and explore and clarify their significance to public health.

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis for larvae of the clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella

Attractant pheromones have been identified for a number of insect pests which attack museum collections. They include well known pests such as webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella), furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum), biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum), cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) and the carpet beetles (Attagenus unicolor, Anthrenus verbasci and Anthrenus sarnicus). There is also evidence that some other species such as the odd beetle (Thylodrias contractus) and the case-bearing clothes moth (Tinea pellionella) also use pheromones although they have not yet been fully characterised. Laboratory research has clearly shown that many of these chemicals have a strong attractancy to males of the species, which can be used to improve trap performance. However; successful use of the pheromones in practice is determined by lure performance and trap design. It also depends upon the commercial availability of lures at an economic rate. Trials in museums have shown that clothes moth pheromone lures can provide early warning of pest attack and detect failure of control treatments. They have also had an effect of reducing pest numbers when used at high rates. Cigarette beetle and biscuit beetle lures perform well at higher temperatures when the insects are active and flying. The performance of the pheromone of furniture beetle is not consistent and there is also a cross-attraction to biscuit beetles. There are still many questions which need answering to improve the effectiveness of pheromone traps, but for some species, they have a valuable role for monitoring pests in museums.

Studies on the digestive proteinase of clothes moth larvae ( Tineola bisselliella)—II : Digestion of wool and other substrates by Tineola proteinase and comparison with trypsin

Purse seining for menhaden off the Texas Gulf coast is unlawful because it is believed that such seining would take large numbers of game and food fish and reduce the forage-fish population. Out of 2,500,000 menhaden taken in 17 purse-seine hauls in Louisiana waters over a 2-month period, 208 game and food fish comprising 12 species were caught. Stomach analyses were made on 5,946 fish of 34 species caught June 7 to August 31, 1948. They represented all the important game and food fish on the Texas coast. Menhaden were found in 165 stomachs with a frequency of 2.8 percent. Only 11 of the 34 species had eaten menhaden and in these the frequency of occurrence never exceeded 10.0 percent. The frequency of food items in the diet of these fishes was shrimp 61.8 percent, fishes exclusive of the menhaden 34.2 percent, crabs 12.0 percent, squids 4.0 percent, and miscellaneous invertebrates 4.4 percent. Menhaden and mullets appear to be the most used species of forage fish, but since these fishes are iden...

This commentary reviews total aquatic food supply from aquaculture and capture fisheries from 2010 to 2020 at global, regional, and national levels within main producing countries; aquatic animal foods include fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and other invertebrate animals destined for direct human consumption or as fish and seafood by the FAO. Whilst total combined aquatic animal food supply from aquaculture and capture fisheries has increased on a global basis from 18.59 to 20.49 kg/capita over the past decade, the global supply has not kept up with population growth over the same period. Of particular concern was the decrease in fish and seafood food supply within the African region, decreasing from 10.40 to 9.58 kg/capita, whilst population growth increased by 3.12%/year over the same period. Moreover, the Asian region was the only region where per capita fish and seafood food supply exceeded population growth; the bulk of fish and seafood supply being sourced from increased aquaculture production of primarily freshwater fish species, compared with other regions where marine wild fisheries still dominated fish and seafood supply. Fish and seafood supply in leading aquaculture and capture fisheries producing countries between 2010 and 2020, including China, Indonesia, India, Viet Nam, Bangladesh, South Korea, Japan, and USA are presented and demonstrate growth in per capita fish and seafood supply being lower than human population growth in Ecuador, Philippines, Turkey, Chile, Norway, Brazil, Myanmar, the South Korea, and Japan. If aquatic food supplies from aquaculture and inland/marine capture fisheries are to make an increasing global contribution to healthy diets, then the increased production and market availability of these products needs to be promoted by governments and actively encouraged and stimulated, particularly within the African continent.

[Factors influencing the life history, feeding and reproduction of Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi and Diaptomus ashlandi in Yellowknife Bay in the Canadian subarctic were studied between August 1975 and November 1976. The former species emerged as copepodid IV from the overwintering stage in June and completed its life cycle in 60 days. Temperature reduced the developmental rate but food supply was not limiting. Although algae were abundant in the environment, <30 cells/animal occurred in the guts of nauplius III to copepodid III. Only the smallest species, Cyclotella glomerata, was usually eaten, with other algae being rejected because of their length. Almost all specimens ingested large quantities of finely divided (<1 μm) detritus. Only 35-55% of carnivorous copepodid IV-VI contained material in their guts. Rotifers were most frequently ingested and copepodid VI fed throughout the reproductive phase. Changing daylength, measured 2 and 4 weeks earlier, accounted for 34 and 68% of variation in the percentage of females with eggs and clutch size respectively. Food supply was second in importance (24-25%) with temperature being of little significance. Variation in the sex ratio could not be adequately explained by daylength, temperature, or food. D. ashlandi required 5 months to complete its life cycle, emerging from the overwintering phase in April as nauplius II. Temperature and possibly photoperiod affected development but food supply was unimportant. Up to 60 algal cells occurred in the gut of copepodid IV-VI with several species (C. glomerata, Synedra acus var. radians, Chrysolykos gracilis, Dinobryon divergens) being ingested. Size selection restricted consumption of most other species. Changing daylength accounted for up to 79% of the variation in the percentage of females with eggs and 67% in the clutch size. Temperature also significantly affected both parameters, with food supply being of little importance. Changes in sex ratio were independent of daylength, food and temperature., Factors influencing the life history, feeding and reproduction of Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi and Diaptomus ashlandi in Yellowknife Bay in the Canadian subarctic were studied between August 1975 and November 1976. The former species emerged as copepodid IV from the overwintering stage in June and completed its life cycle in 60 days. Temperature reduced the developmental rate but food supply was not limiting. Although algae were abundant in the environment, <30 cells/animal occurred in the guts of nauplius III to copepodid III. Only the smallest species, Cyclotella glomerata, was usually eaten, with other algae being rejected because of their length. Almost all specimens ingested large quantities of finely divided (<1 μm) detritus. Only 35-55% of carnivorous copepodid IV-VI contained material in their guts. Rotifers were most frequently ingested and copepodid VI fed throughout the reproductive phase. Changing daylength, measured 2 and 4 weeks earlier, accounted for 34 and 68% of variation in the percentage of females with eggs and clutch size respectively. Food supply was second in importance (24-25%) with temperature being of little significance. Variation in the sex ratio could not be adequately explained by daylength, temperature, or food. D. ashlandi required 5 months to complete its life cycle, emerging from the overwintering phase in April as nauplius II. Temperature and possibly photoperiod affected development but food supply was unimportant. Up to 60 algal cells occurred in the gut of copepodid IV-VI with several species (C. glomerata, Synedra acus var. radians, Chrysolykos gracilis, Dinobryon divergens) being ingested. Size selection restricted consumption of most other species. Changing daylength accounted for up to 79% of the variation in the percentage of females with eggs and 67% in the clutch size. Temperature also significantly affected both parameters, with food supply being of little importance. Changes in sex ratio were independent of daylength, food and temperature.]

Owing to an increasing world population and a rising demand in protein for food and feed, alternative protein sources are needed. In addition, existing food and protein supplies such as wild and farmed fish need to be secured. Insects and more specifically the black soldier fly (BSF;Hermetia illucens) larvae, are discussed as an alternative animal protein source and a potential fish meal (FM) replacer in aquaculture. They can be sustainably reared on biogenic residues. In a literature study, the technical potential of occurring biogenic residues in Germany for the production of BSF larvae is estimated and their suitability as a FM replacement in aquafeed for the production of rainbow trout is evaluated. According to literature, up to 50% of FM can be substituted by BSF larvae meal in the feed of rainbow trout. For the annual German rainbow trout production of 8,466 t, 2,699 t BSF larvae meal (40.7% protein d.m.) is required to replace 1,556 t FM (70.9% protein d.m.). The demand for biogenic residues to feed the BSF larvae amounts to 22,942 t (d.m.). A large amount of biogenic residues occurring in Germany, such as forestry residues, animal excrements, straw and the biogenic fraction of municipal waste, have too poor nutrient contents or are inapplicable due to legal restrictions as feed for farmed animals. However, an alternative utilisation of approximately 1.26 Mt (d.m.) of biogenic industrial residues by far exceeds the demand for BSF larvae feed. Further investigations are needed on the environmental impact and profitability of using biogenic residues for BSF larvae production and competing utilisation pathways as well as of using resulting BSF larvae meal as FM replacement in feed for rainbow trout. Graphical abstract – Annual technical potential of a biogenic residue-based production of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as aquafeed for farmed rainbow trout in Germany (M = million, based on dry weight unless indicated otherwise).