Abstract
BackgroundDepression is a common disorder that is influenced by psychosocial factors in the workplace. Increasing resilience, the ability to cope with stress in the face of adversity, is considered an important strategy to prevent depression. It has been suggested that consumption of fish, which is a major source of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), may prevent depression. However, associations between depression, resilience, and fish consumption have not been documented.The aim of the study is to investigate the association between fish consumption and resilience to depression.MethodsParticipants were 527 Japanese employees at three worksites of a large company. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was administered to assess depressive symptoms, and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) was administered to assess resilience. A self-report questionnaire extracted from the Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to measure fish consumption frequency. Regression analyses were conducted to assess a mediation model based on a statistical analysis framework defined by Baron and Kenny. The indirect association of resilience was calculated with the bootstrapping method. Each analysis was adjusted by age, sex, marital status, work position, and educational background.ResultsThe association between fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score was significant (B = −0.94; p = 0.011). The association between fish consumption frequency and total RS-14 score was significant (B = 1.4; p = 0.010), as was association total RS-14 score and the total CES-D score (B = −0.34; p < 0.001). When controlling for total RS-14 score, there was no longer a significant association between fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score. The bootstrapping results revealed that significant indirect association though fish consumption frequency and total CES-D score (bias corrected and accelerated confidence interval = −0.83 to −0.13; 95 % confidence interval) through total RS-14 score.ConclusionsFish consumption might be associated with resilience to depression. Further studies are needed, particularly double blind randomized placebo controlled intervention trials on the potential preventative effect of LC n-3 PUFA on resilience to depression.
Highlights
Depression is a common disorder that is influenced by psychosocial factors in the workplace
Mean scores + Standard Deviation on the three parameters assessed were 63.5 ± 11.0 on the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), while Mean scores + Standard Deviation was 10.5 ± 7.5 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, and 3.0 ± 0.9 for the fish consumption score on the self-report questionnaire extracted from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) on frequency of fish consumption
The score “3.0 ± 0.9” in the current study means that mean response of participants was 1–2 times per week of fish consumption, and mean - SD was 2.1 which meant about 1–3 times per month of fish consumption and mean + SD means was 3.9 which meant about 3–4 times per week of fish consumption
Summary
Depression is a common disorder that is influenced by psychosocial factors in the workplace. Associations between depression, resilience, and fish consumption have not been documented. Depression is a common disorder in the workplace and can result in impaired job performance [1], long absences due to sickness [2], and the need to pay disability pension [3]. Depression represents a measurable economic burden to society [5, 6] Adverse psychosocial factors, such as job strain (high demand and low decision latitude in the workplace) may be related to an elevated risk of subsequent depressive symptoms or major depressive episodes [7], and effective prevention strategies against depression are important to both employees and employers, as well as society as a whole.
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