Abstract
Laboratory experiments conducted for long time on stream (TOS: 14,350 h) provide information on Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) that is representative of time scales of industrial operations. Operation conditions that deliver desirable conversion and product distribution were investigated. Low gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) gave the highest conversion of 20.97% with the highest C5+ selectivity achieved was 59.77%, which was obtained at the highest GHSV level. A one-way ANOVA, followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni correction test, indicated a significant difference in response to GHSV with P(T <=t) two-tail values ranging from 1.5 × 10−4 to 2.7 × 10−35. The optimum condition for paraffin production is high pressure and low GHSV: in our experiments, this corresponded to 20.85 bar (abs): 648 h−1. Conversely, olefins production is favored low pressure and low GHSV [1.85 bar (abs): 648 h−1]. C5+ production was favored at high GHSV (2592 h−1) and was very sensitive to GHSV, as the sensitivity to C5+ products dropped sharply when the GHSV decreased to low values (from 1296 to 648 h−1); furthermore, the selectivity to C5+ was found to be independent of pressure. The pressure effect on selectivity is complex and selectivity toward overall gaseous (paraffin + olefin) hydrocarbons and C5+ does not seem to be significantly affected by variations in pressure. Long TOS FTS runs are possible ca. 14,500 h though product distribution trends tend to be changed. The catalyst survived long runs, though the selectivity to FTS became comparatively less favored than WGS with increasing TOS. Our findings may have useful implication for the design of a mobile small-scale biomass/waste to liquid process that would last for period similar to that of an industrial plant.
Highlights
Fisher Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is an established technology that produces synthetic petroleum fuels, chemical feedstock and pipeline gas
In an earlier investigation done by the researchers of this study [2], the results showed that FTS using an iron catalyst at low pressure (1.85 bar absolute) has fairly significant catalytic activity for the synthesis of hydrocarbons for time on stream (TOS) up to 1000 h at a temperature of 250 °C
The fresh catalyst produced only one peak corresponding to magnetite, whereas the used catalyst indicated the presence of several phases, with graphitic carbon being dominant
Summary
Fisher Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is an established technology that produces synthetic petroleum fuels (synfuels), chemical feedstock and pipeline gas. Chun et al [3] conducted experiments on a highly selective iron-based FT catalysts activated by CO2-containing syngas. They found that the activation with this gas suppressed the production of undesired products, namely C H4 and C 2–C4 hydrocarbons; and facilitated the production of valuable products the C 5+ hydrocarbons. In an earlier investigation done by the researchers of this study [2], the results showed that FTS using an iron catalyst at low pressure (1.85 bar absolute) has fairly significant catalytic activity for the synthesis of hydrocarbons for TOS up to 1000 h at a temperature of 250 °C. We are in particular interest to use these data for the conceptual design of a small-scale mobile waste-to-liquid plant, as the performance of the catalyst for long TOS is one of the most important parameters in determining the economics of such processes
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