Fiscal Decentralization and Disparity of Access to Primary Education in Indonesia

Recently, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been recognized as an effective tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of regional activities. The main issue, when applying LCA to region-based studies, is how best to consider and reflect the regional characteristics, as they need to be as close to reality as possible. Several Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) studies have been undertaken to study site-specific considerations. However, due to practicalities, very few attempts have been made at identifying the regions affected by regional activities and consider their regional characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of a forthcoming study by showing the necessity of regional characteristic consideration in regional evaluation, and to suggest a synthetic, region-based LCA method which can reflect the differences of regional characteristics for direct and indirect effects of regional activities. In this study, the Life Cycle Region-specific Assessment Method (LCRAM) was proposed as a new site-specific LCA method. As an example, we used LCRAM to observe the effects of 4 environmental burdens (CO2, NOx, SOx, and SPM) to human health (DALY) in 47 regions (prefectures in Japan). LCRAM consists of a regional database and an analysis method (EIOM). In order to reflect the regional characteristics, including structural (regional production and consumption, interregional trade, and the structure of energy consumption) and environmental features (geographical location, climate, natural conditions, and population density), we first constructed a regional database. This includes an Interregional Trade Matrix (ITM), Regional Environmental Burden Coefficients (REBC), and Regional Damage Factors (RDF). Second, for considering the regional characteristics by using the regional database to the each region, it is a necessary to identify the environmental burden emitting regions (Emitting Regions) of indirect effects due to regional activity. To do this, we developed the Expanded Interregional Input Output Method (EIOM) to take the place of the Multi-Regional Input Output method (Multi-Regional IO) by applying the Two-Regional IO method and the ITM. This is because it is difficult to apply Multi-Regional IO to many regions and industries owing to practical constraints. Upon comparison between the regional database, it was found to show considerable differences due to regional characteristics. It is possible to identify how much the difference of REBC influences the evaluation results by calculating the Deviation Effect Index with REBC and, thus, it was found that the effects from the iron and steel, and electric power industries were more than three times that of other industries. Also the size of RDF varies according to the property of the Environmental Burden (EB) and region; and the more site-specific EB, such as SPM in this study shows, the more distinct the difference. Therefore, it seems reasonable to recommend that the proper regional database is applied to the Emitting Regions. Meanwhile, a comparison with a 9-region IO table (a Multi-Regional IO table made by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan) was performed to verify the reliability of EIOM. The results indicated a high consistency of over 95%, which verifies that EIOM can be used instead of a Multi-Regional IO method. Finally, as a comparison between LCRAM and Region-Generic Method (RGM) for nine activity regions, we confirmed that the results produced by RGM may be an underestimation or overestimation; as an example, the largest difference among the regions for DALY reached 48% of the RGM result. In this study, it was clearly shown that the evaluation results will be different depending on the structure and environmental features of each region. It is necessary to reflect the proper regional characteristics to evaluate the actual regional activity. LCRAM is an efficient method to consider the regional characteristics for direct and indirect effects to regions, through all stages of the activities. Also, it is possible to apply a regional evaluation for more regions and more detail in the industry classification. Furthermore, it discusses the interdependence and transportation effects due to interaction between the regions. Thus, it may enable us to make an appropriate decision in region-based evaluations such as nourishment and inducement of industry, infrastructure, recycle system, etc. Finally, it is also expected that further discussion and continuous examination will contribute to enabling us to frame an actual and efficient policy based on the regional structural features and environmental features for a sustainable community.

Article 18B The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia recognizes and respects the traditional rights of indigenous community. Article Number 14 of Law Number 12 Year 2011 in conjunction with Article Number 236 paragraph four (4) of Law Number 23 Year 2014 guarantees the formation of Regional Regulations based on regional characteristic. It is a normative research, using the approach of legislation and conceptual approach. It is necessary to amend Law No. 23 of 2014, especially in relation to the formation of Regional Regulations based on regional characteristics. Law Number 32 Year 2004 along with its implementing regulations and Law Number 23 Year 2014 do not specify the rules for the establishment of Regional Regulations based on regional characteristics.

As a regional characteristic aquatic product, the brand packaging design of Lianzhou Macrobrachium rosenbergii plays a crucial role in strengthening brand recognition and market competitiveness. Against the backdrop of brand construction, this paper explores the design problems and optimization strategies of the current Lianzhou Macrobrachium rosenbergii brand packaging. By analyzing the current brand development status, combining consumer needs and regional cultural characteristics, the core objectives of packaging design optimization are proposed. Additionally, from dimensions such as brand recognition, aesthetics, and cultural connotations, the existing problems in packaging design are systematically evaluated, and optimization directions are clarified based on market research and mainstream design trends. The study shows that enhancing visual appeal, highlighting the regional characteristics of Lianzhou, and integrating ecological and environmental protection concepts are important ways to optimize packaging design. Meanwhile, the rational use of design elements such as colors, materials, and images can significantly enhance the brand image. The optimized packaging design not only helps promote product sales but also drives the brand construction of Lianzhou Macrobrachium rosenbergii and regional economic development, providing a demonstrative reference for the brand packaging design of regional characteristic agricultural and fishery products.

Regional characteristic are associated with the variation in OHCA incidence and bystander CPR rates seen across Victoria, Australia

Development outcomes nowadays not only measured by the successful of economic growth but more comprehensively by the achievement of human development. Obviously education has been place a one substantial factor not only as a basic human right but also in international development. Meanwhile after more than 8 years of decentralization in Indonesia, many concerns arise regarding the decentralization impacts. One of the considerable questions is on how far the fiscal decentralization has enhanced education development achievement. Therefore, a set of fiscal decentralization variables used in this paper to analyze their roles on primary education outcomes. Enrollment Rate used as dependent variable to represent the primary education outcomes. Regional characteristics were also utilized to improve the robustness of the result. Using panel data set of 434 sub provincial regions (districts and cities) in Indonesia, the estimation result show that fiscal decentralization instrument played a significant role on primary education outcomes. Furthermore, DAK seems to have a greater impact on primary education outcomes than DAU. Additionally the estimation result also shows that there is still a significant disparity among sub provincial region in primary education achievement. The results suggest that fiscal decentralization instrument rearrangement substantially needed next to the education development equalization in all sub provincial region. This way, decentralization will foster more favorable outcomes in education development outcomes hopefully. Keywords: decentralization, primary education, panel data.

Fiscal decentralization and public budgets for energy RD&D: A race to the bottom?

One of the developments of Machine Learning technology is Deep Learning which uses an algorithm based on mathematical concepts that work like the human brain. An example of the use of deep learning is for digital image processing. Image Processing is used to identify, classify objects quickly, precisely, and can process multiple data simultaneously. In this study, an analysis of the classification of regional characteristics will be carried out. Regional characteristics are divided into two aspects, namely water areas and land areas. The land area is divided into mountains, highlands, lowlands, and valleys. While the territorial waters include straits, bays, rivers, and lakes. Classification will be done using one of the algorithms from Deep learning used in image processing, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The CNN algorithm consists of 3 main layers, namely Convolutional Layer, Pooling Layer, and Fully Connected Layer. In this study using CNN architecture with a combination of 3 Convolutional Neural Networks and 2 Fully Connected Layers. At the stage of making a regional characteristic classification system using deep learning, there are several main process stages, namely data collection, system design, training, and testing. The processed dataset is a regional image dataset originating from the satellite.

This paper introduces niche concept and niche overlap theory into the field of urban planning, and believe that urban niche is the extension of species niche concept. Urban provides certain resource for human beings to live and take actives, which makes different dimensions of resource, time and space in different urban's development. Regional characteristics of citiy as the manifestation of a city, which reflect different "space" position of a city in urban niche, the spatial position is multidimensional and with multiple subsystems. Regional characteristics of city mainly come from non-overlapped area of multiple subsystems in urban complex niche, the higher the proportion of non-overlapping, the more obvious features of urban regional characteristics. Therefore, this paper established a regional characteristic model of niche in city streets which based on complex ecosystem, and proposed planning principles under it, in order to emphasize regionality and create a positive ecological street.

The allocation of margin of safety (MOS) at a uniform rate to all areas of the unit watershed makes it very difficult to keep the load allotment stable in the area for lack of reduction measures like forest land. This study developed an equation to calculate margin of safety differentially according to the regional characteristics. The equation was formulated on the basis of the regional characteristic factors such as a load contribution factor for land use type and a site conversion factor for the unit watershed. The load contribution factor represents a contribution of loads from a particular land use. The site conversion factor was derived from the site conversion ratio of a unit watershed. Margin of safety for the non-point pollution load in the land use sector decreased by 20~25% in three river basins. The margin of safety in the unit watersheds with low site occupation ratios decreased in high rate, while in the unit watersheds with large urban area decreased in low rate. With the application of the differential margin of safety considering regional characteristics, not only the reduction of pollution loads can become lighter but also it can be easier to develop plans for Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) even where the reduction measures are not available.

This research analyzes the influence of the internal control system (SPI), follow-up recommendations, and regional characteristics on audit opinions. The regional characteristic variables used are regional size and level of prosperity. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the binary logistic regression analysis method with the help of SPSS software. The population in this study is all district governments in Indonesia. The purposive sampling method selected the research sample with a total sample of 270 districts. The study results show that the internal control system negatively affects audit opinions. The follow-up of recommendations and regional sizes positively affect audit opinions. The level of prosperity did not affect the audit opinion. The results of this study show the importance of effective and efficient implementation of SPI, fulfillment of follow-up recommendations, and accountable financial reporting. Further research is suggested to add variables that affect audit opinions and use a sample of all local governments to assess audit opinions more accurately.

Relying solely on equipment and uncritical adoptions of technological strategies to control climate conditions can result in problems of the detachment of climate from the architectural design process, monotonous forms and lack of regional characteristics. To address these problems that may arise in contemporary China, research on the coincidental values generated with the climate-responsive operations including expressions of aesthetics, culture, emotions, regional characteristic is of great significance. The paper examines coincidental values of responding to climate by analyzing architects’ text descriptions of 263 design works from the year 2000 to 2021. The results provide a framework of 27 types of coincidental values as references for climate-responsive architectural designs. Mechanisms of creating coincidental values and subtle regional characteristics are revealed through analyses of these 27 types. Based on these findings, the paper proposes suggestions for contemporary Chinese climate-responsive designs, calling for more various cultural expressions beyond traditional or vernacular cultures, more interactions with positive aspects of climate, and broader range of the compromise between human behaviors and climate conditions.

Because overall cranial morphology-biomechanics linkage in carnivorans is significantly influenced by both feeding and non-feeding ecological variables, whole-skull mechanical performance measures may be less sensitive to feeding ecology than regional characteristics within the skull. The temporomandibular joint could be one regional characteristic that is highly sensitive to feeding ecology considering that this joint is used in prey capture, food processing, and experiences compressive loading during mastication. Through 3D model construction, 3D printing, and compression tests, morphological and mechanical performance measures were determined for the temporomandibular joint trabecular bone structure of 40 species representative of the phylogenetic and ecology diversity of Carnivora. Remarkably, the results indicate that relative fill volume, relative structural complexity, elastic modulus, and relative maximum compressive strength of trabecular bone structure are not significantly related to phylogeny or ecology. The results reveal that morphological and mechanical performance attributes of trabecular bone structure are primarily influenced by body size, and that positive centroid size allometry and positive body mass allometry are present for structural complexity. The lack of feeding ecological signal in dorso-ventral compressive loading of temporomandibular joint models indicates that carnivoran temporomandibular joint trabecular structures may not undergo significant differential remodeling as an evolutionary response to different mechanically demanding feeding tasks.

Comprehensive study of regional haze in the North China Plain with synergistic measurement from multiple mobile vehicle-based lidars and a lidar network

The adequacy of hourly rainfall sampling was examined in terms of the detection of diurnal variations using 8 yr (1998–2005) of data observed by the precipitation radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. It was found that the monthly and hourly rain samples for each 0.2° grid point over the 8-yr period are composed of multiple precipitation systems. In this study, a “3-h-significant diurnal peak” was defined as the time of maximum rainfall with consecutive positive anomalies for more than 3 h. The fraction of the analyzed area with a 3-h-significant diurnal peak increased annually and accounted for 43% of the total global tropics at 0.2° resolution over the 8-yr period. The diurnal signature over Tibet and the Amazon showed a high degree of spatial uniformity (at >10° scale). The degree of similarity and locations of the regional diurnal characteristics are described in terms of seasonal variations and at multiple resolutions based on spatial uniformity. For example, uniform early-afternoon peaks generally appear over the coastal land and areas of high relief, whereas a seasonally invariant early-afternoon peak over the low-lying Amazon basin is recognized as a regional characteristic. In areas of coastal ocean, early-morning peaks appear in certain regions such as the area surrounding the so-called Maritime Continent and the area off the west coast of Mexico. These peaks are distinct from the global characteristics of late-morning rainfall maxima recorded over most coastal oceans and early-morning peaks recorded over open ocean. The results are also compared with those derived from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) data. In addition to obtaining a coherent signal, regional differences in the timing of maximum rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau were addressed; this discrepancy is attributed to limitations of the scattering algorithm used for TMI data in terms of detecting shallow convection and screening cold surfaces.

The paper selects the data of 30 regions in China from 2008 to 2020 as the basis to construct a theoretical analysis framework between fiscal decentralization, environmental regulation, and green economy efficiency (GEE). For empirical analysis, the study adopts super-slacks-based measure (SBM) method to measure GEE, and Tobit model is adopted to study the relationships between key constructs under investigation. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) GEE level is at the upper middle level, and the green economic efficiency varies greatly among regions. The GEE value of the eastern region is the highest and lowest in the west, and the central region is in between. (2) From a national perspective, fiscal decentralization, environmental regulation, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and urbanization all have a significant negative coefficient on the national GEE, inhibiting local GEE improvement. Foreign direct investment impact on GEE is not significant, but green credit has a significant positive coefficient. (3) From a regional perspective, the effects of fiscal decentralization on the green economic efficiency of western region were not significant, but the sign of coefficient found to be negative. However, in the other two regions, fiscal decentralization has a significant positive impact on GEE. Moreover, environmental regulation impact on GEE is positive in eastern region and negative in western part, and not significant in the central region; economic development can promote GEE in the central region and negative in west, but not significant in eastern region. Foreign direct investment (FDI) shows no significant impact in the eastern region but exists a significant negative impact in the other two regions. Finally, green credit has no significant impact in the central region but exists significant positive effect in the other two regions. This paper studies the green economic efficiency of undesired output, which is of great significance to my country's future green development and the formulation of environmental regulation policies.