Abstract
During the economic and financial crisis, fiscal positions across the OECD countries deteriorated sharply. This raises the question of what level of primary deficit would ensure long-term sustainability and what degree of consolidation is needed. The purpose of this paper is to gauge the scale of fiscal consolidation that will be needed to ensure long-term sustainability. The analysis uses so-called fiscal gaps to provide a simple metric for how much consolidation is needed under a series of different assumptions and scenarios. The aim is to highlight the scale of the problems, how they differ across countries and the uncertainties surrounding the estimates. A first set of results suggest that lower debt targets provide greater room for manoeuvre to react to shocks in the future. A second set of results shows that growth-enhancing structural reforms �| especially reforms of pension systems �| can mitigate budget pressures resulting from ageing populations and hence contribute to fiscal consolidation. Furthermore, raising efficiency in the provision of health care and education can reduce budgetary pressures. Finally, achieving debt objectives under shocks to interest rates or to government spending would require additional tightening in most of the OECD countries. Consolidation budgetaire: Partie 3. Projections a long terme et calcul des ecarts budgetaires Durant la crise economique et financiere, la position budgetaire des pays de l’OCDE s’est nettement degradee. La question se pose des lors de savoir quel niveau de deficit primaire assurerait la viabilite a long terme et quel degre d’assainissement est necessaire. Ce document a pour objet d’evaluer l’ampleur de l’effort de consolidation budgetaire a consentir pour assurer la viabilite a long terme. L’analyse s’appuie sur les « ecarts budgetaires », qui permettent de mesurer simplement l’ampleur de l’assainissement necessaire suivant divers scenarios et hypotheses. L’objectif est de mettre en lumiere l’echelle des problemes, les differences qui existent d’un pays a l’autre et les incertitudes qui entourent les estimations. Une premiere serie de resultats semble indiquer que des objectifs de dette plus bas offrent une plus grande marge de manoeuvre pour reagir aux chocs dans l’avenir. Une seconde serie de resultats montre que des reformes structurelles propres a renforcer la croissance – en particulier les reformes des systemes de retraite – peuvent attenuer les pressions budgetaires dues aux vieillissement des populations et, partant, contribuer a l’assainissement des finances publiques. Par ailleurs, rehausser l’efficience dans la prestation de services de sante et d’education peut attenuer les pressions budgetaires. Enfin, des chocs affectant les taux d’interet ou les depenses publiques necessiteraient un resserrement budgetaire plus severe dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE.
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