First Words

We performed supplemental feeding experiments during three breeding seasons of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus L.) in order to establish the importance of food in reproductive timing. In particular, we addressed the question of why the response to supplemental food is restricted to 3—6 d in many bird species. Supplemental food advanced the start of egg—laying in all three breeding seasons. The mean difference between fed and control pairs was 4 d in two years and 6 d in another. The amount and quality of the supplemental food used in the experiment were not limiting, since pairs receiving a further increase in amount and quality of food did not start laying earlier than pairs with a standard feeding regime. The amount of food that was consumed increased during the period from 15 d before egg formation until the beginning of egg formation and then remained at a high utilization rate until clutch completion. Although fed pairs, on average, started egg—laying earlier than control pairs, the earliest control females started to lay eggs as early as the first females. Fed pairs were also relatively late in a year when control pairs were late. In 1992, fed pairs did not produce larger clutches or more fledglings, but had nestlings with lower mass at 13 d post—hatching than those of control pairs. Analysis at the territory level revealed that supplemental food affected laying date to a greater extent in low—quality territories, in which laying could be advanced by up to 9—10 d, compared to high—quality territories in which laying was not advanced at all. We conclude that laying date in most Blue Tit females is limited by low food supply early in spring, but some females, occupying high—quality territories, will not advance laying in response to food. Thus, above a certain critical limit, laying date is unrelated to food supply, and birds use other cues in their decision to commence breeding. Such cues are probably also responsible for the between—year variation in laying dates of food—supplemented pairs, since these were provided with the same amount of food during the different years.

After a first foresight study on "World food security in 2050" (Agrimonde), CIRAD and INRA have turned their attention to a new foresight exercise on 'Land use and food security in 2050' (Agrimonde-Terra). This new study seeks to highlight levers that could modify ongoing land-use patterns for improved food and nutrition security. Agrimonde-Terra proposes a trend analysis on the global context, climate change, food diets, urban-rural linkages, farm structures, cropping and livestock systems, and explores five scenarios. Three scenarios entitled "Metropolization", "Regionalization" and "Households" are based on current competing trends identified in most world regions. Two scenarios entitled "Healthy" and "Communities" involve potential breaks that could change the entire land use and food security system. The "Healthy" scenario is the only one that makes it possible to achieve sustainable world food and nutrition security in 2050. Nevertheless, current trends in agricultural and food systems in most parts of the world converge towards the "Metropolization" scenario, which is not sustainable in terms of both land use and human health. Therefore, changing the course of ongoing trends in favor of sustainable land uses and healthy food systems will be one of the main challenges of the next decades. It will require systemic transformation, strong and coherent public policies across sectors and scales, and consistent actions from a wide range of actors. This foresight provides a large information base on land uses, food systems and food security and constitutes a tool box to stimulate debates, imagine new policies and innovations. It aims to empower decision makers, stakeholders, non-governmental organizations and researchers to develop a constructive dialogue on the futures of land uses and food security at either world, regional and national levels.

Food supply fluctuations constrain group sizes of kangaroos and in turn shape their vigilance and feeding strategies

Food security depends on available world supplies of food, the income of the designated population, and the population's access to the available supplies. Consequently, though seldom recognized in national food security policies, there is a direct relationship between food security, world trade in food, and the domestic policies that govern access to international markets for food. On all three scores, I believe we can be optimistic about improvements in world food security over the next quarter century. Over the next quarter century, the world's supply of food will grow somewhat more rapidly than will the demand for it, leading to lower real prices of food. Thus, the trend of food prices, as measured by grain prices, is likely to continue the trend of the current century, though at a slower rate of decline.' The remarkable reduction in the international price of grain that has occurred in this century is given all too little emphasis in discussions of the world food situation, certainly so in the discussions of the food pessimists. I am confident that the real per capita incomes of the majority of the population in the developing countries will continue to increase, contributing to an improvement in food security. Finally, I believe that, with the changes in agricultural policies in the major industrial countries, world trade in farm products, especially grains, will be further liberalized in the future. In addition, more and more developing countries are reducing barriers to trade, thus increasing access to world food supplies. Thus, all the broad trends point o an improvement in world food security and a reduction in the number of persons adversely affected by both long-term or short-term inadequate access to food. This does not mean that in every country food security will improve. Some governments may continue to follow national and trade policies related to food that restrict domestic food production, limit the growth of per capita incomes, and restrict access to the available world food supplies. When this happens, food security and adequacy will not be im roved or not improved as much as they po entially could be. At this time, there can be little doubt that the poor performance of agriculture and the insecurity of food supplies in sub-Saharan Africa over the past quarter century have been due primarily to inappropriate policies-to policies that discriminated against agriculture and resulted in large-scale governmental interventions in international trade. Misgovernment plus civil and ethnic wars have exacted and continue to exact a

Introduction: Nutrition security is an emerging concept that expands upon the definition of food security – consistent access to sufficient quantity and quality of food – to include prevention, management, and treatment of disease. There is limited evidence on how nutrition security is related to heart health, specifically in populations disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular disease risk, such as Latina women. Hypothesis: Latina women experiencing food and/or nutrition insecurity will have poorer indicators of Life’s Essential 8 compared to those with food and/or nutrition security. Methods: Vida Sana y Completa is randomized controlled trial of a multi-component Food is Medicine (FIM) intervention for Latina women with obesity (BMI>30kg/m 2 ). This analysis uses survey data from baseline assessment (n=165). Food security status was assessed using the USDA 6-item screener and nutrition security status was assessed using the 4-item Nutrition Security Scale. Outcomes included vegetable and fruit intake, BMI, blood pressure (BP), and mental health. Within group differences by food and nutrition security status were performed using ANOVA with Fischer’s least significant difference and independent two-sample t-tests. Results: The majority (82%) reported food insecurity and approximately half (47%) reported nutrition insecurity. Women with very low or low food security consumed fewer vegetables compared to those with food security (1.7 vs. 2.1 vs. 3.0, respectively; p=0.02). Women with nutrition insecurity also consumed fewer servings of vegetables compared to participants with nutrition security (1.7 vs. 2.5; p=0.01). Systolic BP was higher among women with low food security, compared to participants with very low food security or participants with food security (p=0.01). Diastolic BP was higher for participants with low and very low food security compared to participants with food security (p=0.03). There was no difference in BP by nutrition security status. Participants with food and nutrition insecurity had more symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to participants with food and nutrition security(p<0.05). There were no differences in daily servings of fruit or BMI by food and/or nutrition security status. Conclusion: Latina women with food and/or nutrition insecurity are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. FIM interventions may effectively address food and/or nutrition insecurity, as well as Life’s Essential 8, to improve heart health.

Food quantity and quality are highly variable in natural systems. Therefore, their interplay and the associated effects on consumer population growth are important for predator–prey interactions and community dynamics. Experiments in which consumers were exposed to elemental nutrient limitations along food quantity gradients suggest that food quality effects on consumer performance are relevant only at high food quantities. However, elemental nutrients act differently on physiological processes than biochemical nutrients. So far, the interactive effects of food quantity and biochemical compounds on consumer performance have been insufficiently studied. We studied interactive effects of food quantity and biochemical food quality on population growth, including fecundity and survival, of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. We hypothesised that these life history traits are differently affected by the availability of biochemical nutrients and that food quality effects gain importance with increasing food quantity. In a first experiment, we established food quantity and quality gradients by providing rotifers with different concentrations of a low‐quality food, the sterol‐free cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, supplemented with increasing amounts of cholesterol. In a second experiment, food quantity and quality gradients were established by providing different proportions of two prey species differing in biochemical food quality, i.e. S. elongatus and the lipid‐rich alga Nannochloropsis limnetica, at different total food concentrations. We found that the effects of cholesterol supplementation on population growth increased with increasing food quantity. This interactive effect on population growth was mainly due to food quality effects on fecundity, as effects on survival remained constant along the food quantity gradient. In contrast, when feeding on the mixed algal diet, the food quality effect associated with increasing the proportion of the high‐quality alga did not change along the food quantity gradient. The data on survival and fecundity demonstrate the missing interactive effect of food quantity and quality on population growth, as both traits were oppositely affected. Survival was affected by food quality primarily at low food quantity, whereas food quality effects on fecundity were stronger at high food quantity. Our results highlight the significance of essential biochemicals in mediating the interactive effects of food quantity and quality on population growth. The interplay between food quantity and biochemical food quality limitation seems to influence resource allocation patterns in order to optimise survival or reproduction, which may strongly affect population dynamics in variable environments. As opposed to exploring the function of a single nutrient via supplementation, using algae mixtures allowed us to assess food quality effects on consumer performance in a more natural context by taking potential interactive effects of multiple co‐limiting nutrients into account.

The present study evaluates factors associated with improved food quantity, quality and diversity among participants in a 3-year multisectoral program targeting sibling families of orphans and vulnerable children in rural Kenya. This cross-sectional study evaluates food adequacy and diversity using the World Food Programme’s Food Consumption Score, food access over the previous year, and food dependence on outside-household resources among 1060 families of orphan or vulnerable siblings. The primary comparison group was program-enrolled households who had not yet received any program inputs. Mixed effects logistic models were used to assess the association of food quantity, quality and security with program participation, program inputs and respondent characteristics. Increased time in the program was significantly associated with improved food quantity, quality and security. Other covariates significantly predicting improved food quantity, quality and security included using program-funds to cultivate small-holder farms, increased monthly income, self-efficacy and the number of partners in previous year. After adjusting for monthly income and other covariates, duration of program participation remained a significant predictor of improved food consumption, quality and security. The study presents a unique community-based intervention, hybridizing insights from multiple disciplines that warrants further study to improve the food quantity, quality and security of orphans and vulnerable children across sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective. The objective of the research is theoretical and practical study of factors and directions of influence on the formation of modern trends in world food trade and directions for overcoming the food crisis. Also research of food security problems and ways to overcome the food crisis in Ukraine. Methods. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: descriptive, analytical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization, induction and deduction, statistical, tabular. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that food is a primary strategic commodity, a priority direction for the development of the world economy and international politics. Also, under the current circumstances, the problem of ensuring global food security in the modern world is intensifying, the main reasons for which are the instability of the global agro-food market and the crisis in agricultural production. It was determined that at the current stage of the development of economic thought there is no single approach and methods of developing world food trade in the processes of ensuring food security. There are a large number of funds and organizations that help develop world food trade, due to which they stabilize the state of world food security with some success, providing recommendations and methods for overcoming the food crisis, the most significant contribution was made by the «Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)». The list of countries that are the most influential and significant global food exporters has been determined. According to the results of the analysis of statistical data, it was established that Ukraine was also an influential participant in the international food market before the events of February 2022, but due to these events, it lost volumes from certain food items. In general, the international food market showed a trend of growth in food production volumes and a stable increase in prices, which has recently been of a rapid nature. It is established that in 2022, the highest price increase in the whole world in the last 40 years took place and the trend of recession of food security in the world can be traced.

Food security is directly related to nutrition and public health. It concerns the availability of food needed by people, its accessibility to consumers, including financial aspects of accessibility, the food utilization in sufficient quantity and quality to ensure full life, and stability, i.e. the ability to resist the negative changes that occur in food supply chains. Food security is a causal path that begins with production and leads to consumption, going through stages of stabilization and stress management. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to consider the essence of food security and investigate its level by the analysis of world rankings. Consequently, the Global Food Security Index, which measures the level of food security in four areas – food affordability, food availability, food quality and safety, and natural resources and resiliencies considered in this paper. According to this ranking, the first three places are occupied by the countries of Western Europe – Finland, Ireland, and the Netherlands. Except European countries, top 15 countries also include Israel, Japan, the United States of America, Canada, and New Zealand. Ukraine ranks 54th out of 113 countries. Positive changes occur only in the group «quality and safety». The rest of the groups of food security indicators for Ukraine show negative trends. In particular, in the group «food availability» indicators of «food security and access policy commitments» and «political and social barriers to access» decreased by more than thirty percent comparing with the previous year. Additionally, Global Hunger Index is considered. This index is based on four indicators – undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality. Despite the tendency of index improvement by the regions of the world, its value is particularly dangerous for the countries of Africa South of the Sahara, and South Asia. For Ukraine, the value of this indicator is less than 5, since 2006. This fact classifies Ukraine as a low-risk area. Accordingly, the analysis shows that currently the second goal of the Sustainable Development Plan – «Zero Hunger», is unattainable by 2030.

World food security is largely a problem of poor people and poor areas that do not have the resources to ensure dependable access to sufficient quantity and quality of food through production or exchange (Wisner, 1988). This is more so in areas with fragile and marginal natural resources that offer limited and undependable agricultural production and exchange opportunities for people to acquire command over their food requirements (Sen, 1981). The bulk of the mountain/hill regions and dry tropical areas in the developing countries qualify for this status. In fact, if one excludes the political strife-torn areas with high food potential, most charitable donations of food are directed to such areas

This article discusses issues concerning international legal regulation of coopera-tion of states in resolving the problems related to ensuring the human rights to ad-equate food and food security in general, including in the context of a pandemic that has had a significant impact on the development of the world's economy. The work studies: the development of international legal regulation of partnership in the field of food security, the goals and authority of Food and Agriculture Organi-zation (FAO), the conditions of the food market and the world's economy. The study examines the right of everyone to access safe and healthy food, in accord-ance with the right to for adequate food and the basic right of everyone to be free from hunger. It is noted that the world food security system covers: the creation of national food supplies coordinated on the international level; provision of food aid to countries in need, organization of an early warning system on food shortage; an increase of the share of developing countries in international trade of agriculture products. One of the factors of the establishment of intranational food security is food sup-port to developing states. The article considers various principles like roman princi-ples of sustainable global food security; a comprehensive approach to food securi-ty; strategic coordinative cooperation; the principle of supporting national, region-al and international programs; close interaction with international organizations and principle of maintaining of assumed financial obligations. It is noted that the lack of positive results in a process of resolving issues concern-ing food supply requires improvement of the effectiveness of multilateral man-agement system dealing with ensuring world's food security, through the unifica-tion and coordination of efforts of states, international organizations, and other interested parties at local and global levels. A similar policy is proposed to be considered in complex with global and regional issues, including negotiations on the creation of a fair international trade regime, which will positively affect the strengthening of national food security potential of developing countries and improve the effectiveness of international food assis-tance programs. Such policy is proposed to be reflected and specified in agriculture doctrines of national and regional levels.

The Big Question

Overfishing of predatory fish has contributed to an increase in forage-fish stocks. At the same time, a rising demand for forage fish to supply fishmeal markets, in combination with climate change, has put strong pressure on these stocks, and this, in turn, has had an impact on marine top predators. We examined how inter-annual variation in food quality (sprat Sprattus sprattus weight-at-age) and quantity (sprat abundance) influenced Baltic Sea common murres Uria aalge during chick-rearing. Fledging success, i.e. survival from hatching to fledging, showed a positive relationship with food quality, but we found no effect of food quantity. We found no rela- tionship between food quality and parental behaviour or chick feeding parameters, but a negative relationship between food quantity and trip duration. Our data indicate that there was room for parental birds to increase their effort to compensate for reduced food quality, but we found no signs of such compensation. We analysed different types of fish and seabird life-history data to separate effects of food quantity and quality on a top predator. Understanding such effects can contribute to clarifying causes and consequences for observed changes in life-history parameters and population dynamics of top predators.

The success of the development is influenced by several aspects, one of them is food security. Food security can be a reflection of the quality of a nation. A nation with low food security can influence its physical and human development. GFSI states that Indonesia occupies 69 positions in World Food security. Food security can not only be seen in terms of global area but also in terms of households. Greengrocer is the person who works in the informal sector and generally has low income. This research aims to see the relationship between income, family largeness, education, and nutritional knowledge of mothers toward greengrocers’ household food security in Oeba Market. This research is a qualitative research type that uses the cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted in Oeba Marketon 74 greengrocers as the sample. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square statistical tests. The results showed that the income variable (p=0.016) was the variable that affected food security, while the variable that had no effect was family size (p=0.964), education (p=0.552), and nutritional knowledge (p=0.749). Household income is a source of meeting food and non-food needs. Household income is also able to influence the quality and quantity of food purchased. To achieve household food security, family empowerment needs to be given special attention because food shortages both in quantity and quality can inhibit the fulfillment of family nutrition which will result in poor nutritional status in family members.

Food security is a country's ability to provide people with access to quality and healthy food. According to the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, every country must ensure the human right to adequate nutrition. This document envisages: physical and economic availability, food independence, reliability in relation to seasonal and weather fluctuations and sustainability of production growth. Today, the problem of food security in Ukraine concerns almost all aspects of the functioning of the state: from defense and readiness to deal with emergency situations to long-term development prospects. Ukraine's contribution to the world food market in 2021 was equivalent to providing food for 400 million people. russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine disrupted the production, processing and food supply systems. The policy of our country in the field of ensuring food security changes in accordance with the challenges and taking into account the experiences that have confirmed their practical feasibility. In particular, a plan to ensure food security under martial law was adopted. This is a complex of actions that involves monitoring the state of food security and agricultural infrastructure as a whole; providing support to food producers; provision of targeted assistance to socially vulnerable categories of the population, centralized control over product prices. World leaders, the European Union and the United Nations are also currently looking for ways to avoid a food crisis due to the war waged by russia against Ukraine, which has caused the harvest to decrease by about 30%