First rib dysfunction in patients with neck and shoulder pain: a Delphi investigation

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background First rib dysfunction is a possible cause of symptoms in patients with neck and/or shoulder pain. Objectives To explore therapists’ perceptions of useful diagnostic criteria to identify first rib dysfunction. Methods A Delphi survey over four rounds involving international manual therapy experts who were asked to agree on which items were most useful in identifying first rib dysfunction. Results Consensus (>70% agreement) was reached on key aspects of first rib dysfunction being first rib mobility restriction, upper limb symptom distribution, and a subclassification into two subgroups was suggested. The main clinical findings suggested were: painful and restricted neck movements and shoulder girdle loading activities; positive Upper Limb Neural Test 1; direct palpation of first rib, neural structures, and scalene muscles; pain and hypomobility of first rib accessory movements with improvement after mobilization. The cervical rotation lateral-flexion test was considered a useful, although not widely used test among the experts. Its diagnostic accuracy and interpretation in isolation was questioned. Conclusions This Delphi study produced a cluster of clinical tests aimed to identify first rib dysfunction in patients with neck and/or shoulder conditions. However, these need to be tested out in further research to establish reliability and validity.