First Report of the Aecial State of Melampsora larici-populina on Larix spp. in North America

Abstract

Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. was reported for the first time in eastern North America during 2002, on Populus spp., its telial host (1). M. larici-populina, a heteroecious rust, alternates between species of Populus and Larix. Since M. larici-populina was observed again in 2003, we investigated the possibility that its basidiospores may infect larch (Larix spp.) resulting in spermogonia and aecia. Identification of Melampsora species from aeciospore morphology is difficult but urediniospores are distinctive. This is important since the native M. medusae also alternates between Populus and Larix spp. During the spring of 2004, aecia were observed on needles of exotic (Larix decidua Mill. and L. leptolepis (Siebold and Zucc.) Gordon) and indigenous (L. laricina (K. Koch)) larch in an arboretum in Lotbinière (Quebec, Canada) where M. larici-populina has previously been found. Larch needles with yellow blister-like fructifications were collected in May 2004 and fixed on top of petri plates to allow aeciospore release onto leaves of Jackii poplar (Populus balsamifera L. × P. deltoides Marsh.). After approximately 10 days, uredinia appeared on the abaxial surface of the poplar leaves. Some of the many needles collected yielded uredinia cultures on Jackii poplars. The majority of these cultures were identified as being M. larici-populina; one was M. medusae. M. larici-populina urediniospores were 32 to 48 μm long and possessed a characteristic apical bald spot. DNA was extracted from aecia and uredinia, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene was amplified in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by specific primers for M. medusae or M. larici-populina created from sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. AY429656 and AY429657). The 120 base pairs target fragments amplified only with the M. larici-populina specific primers with the 14 samples that were identified as M. larici-populina by morphological characteristics of the urediniospores. No PCR amplification was obtained with M. medusae primers. These results were not unexpected since larch has been previously reported as an aecial host of M. larici-populina elsewhere (2). The ability of M. larici-populina to overwinter and complete its life cycle has important consequences since it proves that it is established and can go through sexual reproduction. A complete life cycle in eastern North America may allow M. larici-populina to generate pathogenic variation that will challenge poplar breeders in this region.