First report of peanut root rot caused by Fusarium acuminatum in Shandong Province, China.

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most economically important crops as a major source of edible oil and protein. In July 2021, a root rot disease was observed on peanut in Laiwu (36º22' N, 117º67' E), Shandong Province, China. Disease incidence was approximately 35%. Disease symptoms included root rot, vessels with a brown to dark brown discoloration, plus progressive yellowing and wilting of leaves from the base leading to whole plant death. To determine the causal agent, symptomatic roots with typical lesions were cut into small pieces, surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s, and 2% NaClO for 5 min, rinsed three times in sterile water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25℃ (Leslie and Summerell 2006). After 3 days of incubation, whitish-pink to red colonies growing from the roots were observed. Eight single-spore isolates had identical morphological traits that were similar to those of Fusarium spp. A representative isolate (LW-5) was used for morphological characterization, molecular analysis, and pathogenicity test. On PDA, the isolate formed dense aerial mycelia, which were initially white, then became deep pink with age and formed red pigments in the medium. On carnation leaf agar (CLA), macroconidia with 3 to 5 septa were abundant, relatively slender, curved to lunate, that measured 23.7 to 52.2 × 3.6 to 5.4 μm (n=50). Microconidia were oval, 0 to 1 septa. Chlamydospores were globose with a smooth outer wall in chains or single. Following DNA extraction of isolate LW-5, primers EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone et al., 1999), RPB1U/RPB1R, and RPB2U/RPB2R (Ponts et al., 2020) were used to amplify the partial translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1-α), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) regions for DNA sequencing, respectively. BLASTn analysis of TEF1-α (GenBank accession No. OP838084), RPB1 (OP838085), and RPB2 (OP838086) sequences, revealed 99.66, 99.87, and 99.09% identity with those of F. acuminatum (OL772800, OL772952 and OL773104), respectively. Isolate LW-5 was identified as F. acuminatum based on morphology and molecular analysis. Twenty Huayu36 peanut seeds were each planted in a 500-ml sterile pot containing 300 g of autoclaved potting medium (nutritive soil: vermiculite=2:1 in volume). Two weeks after seedling emergence, 1 cm depth of the potting medium was dug around the plants to expose the taproot. Two 5-mm wounds per taproot were scratched with a sterile syringe needle. Potting medium in each pot of 10 inoculated plants was mixed with 5 ml of conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml). The other 10 plants were used as non-inoculated controls and treated with sterile water in the same manner. The seedlings were placed in a plant growth chamber maintained at 25°C, RH >70%, 16-h light per day, and irrigated with sterile water. After 4 weeks, inoculated plants exhibited yellowing and wilting symptoms that were similar to those observed in the field, while non-inoculated control plants had no symptoms. F. acuminatum was re-isolated from diseased roots and confirmed using morphological features and DNA sequence analysis of TEF1-α, RPB1 and RPB2. F. acuminatum was reported to cause root rot on Ophiopogon japonicus (Linn. f.) (Tang et al., 2020), Polygonatum odoratum (Li et al., 2021), and Schisandra chinensis (Shen et al., 2022) in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot on peanut caused by F. acuminatum in Shandong Province, China. Our report will provide crucial information for studying the epidemiology and management of this disease.