First Report of Meloidogyne arenaria Infecting Maize in Guizhou Province of China.

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) as the most important crops is globally cultivated for food, feedstuff and industrial raw materials. During August to September 2021, we carried out a survey on the soil-borne diseases of tobacco in Guizhou Province. Poorly developed maize plants were observed in the same field of root-knot nematode (RKN) infected tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Dafang County, Bijie City (106º00'08"E, 22º24'81"N) (Figure 1A). Roots of maize plant were taken back to laboratory for nematode identification and infecting confirmation in greenhouse. Females, males, second-stage juveniles (J2s) and eggs were collected from the sampling roots and nematodes were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The identification of the nematode was performed by observations of morphological characters of adults (n= 30) and molecular analysis. Perineal pattern of female showed distinct characteristics of a low dorsal arch and lateral field marked by forked and broken striae and without punctate markings between the anus and tail terminus (Fig. 1B). J2s hatched from eggs demonstrated the morphometric characters of body length = 433.25 µm, body width = 16.31 µm, stylet length = 10.43 µm. DGO = 3.62 μm, tail length = 52.78 μm, and hyaline tail terminus = 11.14 μm (Fig. 1C). For molecular analysis, females from infected roots of maize in fields and in Koch's postulate experiment were definitively identified via PCR using the M. arenaria species-specific markers (Far/Rar：TCGGCGATAGAGGTAAATGAC/TCGGCGATAGACACTACAACT). PCR products of females amplification were run in the agar gel, and a PCR product of 420 bp band was identified for M. arenaria for all tested female samples (Fig. 1E). The obtained specific fragment was sequenced and submitted to GenBank with accession number of OP503512. A 100% identity of the Fare/Rare sequence with M. arenaria (Accession: GQ395518.1, J. Phytopathol. 160(2): 59-66, 2012, MZ555757.1，MZ555753.1, U42342.1）were found through NCBI blast. Therefore, based on morphological and molecular analysis, the nematodes from maize were determined to be M. arenaria according to the related description of (Perry et al., 2009). Koch's postulate was conducted in greenhouse by inoculation of J2 from the original population to pots containing two-week old maize seedlings (n= 15, 1000 J2/seedling) and 5 seedlings were nonincubated as controls. Plants were maintained in greenhouse at 26 to 28°C. On day 50 after inoculation, all the inoculated plants showed typical RKN symptoms such as stunting and galled roots which were similar to those observed in the field (Fig. 2A). Females, J2 and eggs were found in the roots after staining(Fig. 2B, C, D) by the method of Bybd et al. (1983), while uninoculated control plants presented normal development, confirming that Maize was a host of M. arenaria. M. arenaria is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes, which can infect many crops worldwide, resulting in great losses on the crop quality and yield. The Southern Root-Knot Nematode (M. incognita) had been known to cause root-knot nematode disease on maize in Shandong Province of China(Shi et al.,2020). As a major rotation crop, maize was recommended for the management of RKNs and most soil-born pathogens in tobacco planting systems in China. However, the findings of M. arenaria on maize demonstrates that further investigation and management strategies should be conduct. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. arenaria parasitizing maize in Guizhou province of China.