First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Colletotrichum siamense on Magnolia grandiflora in China.

Abstract

Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia) is a popular evergreen tree, planted especially as an ornamental for landscaping. In September 2019, leaf spots were observed on M. grandiflora at the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University (28°45'56″N, 115°50'21″E). Approximately 64% (23 out of 36) M. grandiflora trees (most 24-year-old) occurred leaf spot disease at the campus. On average, 40% of the leaves per individual tree were affected. Foliar symptoms began as small dark brown lesions formed along the leaf margins. As the disease developed, the lesions' center was sunken with a dark brown border. Symptomatic leaves were collected and cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces. Leaf pieces from the margin of the necrotic tissue were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s followed by 2% NaOCl for 1 min and then rinsed in sterile water three times. Tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C. Of more than 35 isolates, most shared a similar morphology, with an isolation rate of 85%. Three isolates (JNG-1, JNG-2, and JNG-3) were chosen for single-spore purification and used for morphological characterization and identification. Colonies on PDA of the three isolates were white, cottony, and grayish-white on the undersides of the culture. Conidia were single-celled, straight, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, and measured 4.4-5.6 × 13.2-17.8 µm (4.7 ± 0.3 × 14.6 ± 1.0 µm, n = 100). Appressoria were brown to dark brown, ovoid to clavate, slightly irregular to irregular, and ranged from 5.5-9.2 × 4.6-6.5 µm (7.3 ± 0.4 × 5.4 ± 0.3 µm, n=100). Morphological features were similar to Colletotrichum siamense as previously described (Weir et al. 2012). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2), chitin synthase (CHS-1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were amplified from genomic DNA for the three isolates using primers ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CL1/CL2, T1/Bt2b, CHS-79F/CHS-345R and GDF/GDR (Weir et al. 2012), respectively and sequenced. All sequences were deposited into GenBank (ITS, MZ325948-MZ325950; ACT, MZ461477 - MZ461479; GAPDH, MZ461483 - MZ461485; TUB2, MZ461486 - MZ461488; CHS-1, MZ441182 - MZ441184; CAL, MZ461480 - MZ461482). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed with MEGA 7.0 using the concatenation of multiple sequences (Kumar et al. 2016). According to the phylogenetic tree, all three isolates fall within the C. siamense clade (boot support 96%). The pathogenicity of three isolates were tested on M. grandiflora plants, which were grown in the field. Healthy leaves were wounded with a sterile needle and then inoculated with 10 µL of spore suspension (106 conidia/mL). Controls were treated with ddH2O (Zhu et al. 2019). All the inoculated leaves were covered with black plastic bags to keep a high-humidity environment for 2 days. All the inoculated leaves showed similar symptoms to those observed in field, whereas control leaves were asymptomatic for 10 days. The infection rate was 100%. C. siamense was re-isolated from the lesions, whereas no fungus was isolated from control leaves. It was confirmed that C. gloeosporioides is the causal agent of leaf spot on Magnolia virginiana in America (Xiao et al. 2004). However, this is the first report of C. siamense causing leaf spot on M. grandiflora in China. This study provided crucial information for epidemiologic studies and appropriate control strategies for this newly emerging disease.