Abstract
Grapevine hammerhead viroid-like RNA (GHVd) is a poorly characterized circular, single-stranded RNA molecule discovered through the bioinformatic analysis of small interfering RNAs of Italian grapevines of the Pinot noir variety (Wu et al., 2012). It is 375 nucleotides long and shares many structural features of viroids or of some small circular satellite RNA molecules. In particular, it has a predicted secondary structure similar to those of members of the Pelamoviroid genus with a branched region stabilized by a kissing-loop pseudoknot, and an extensively base-paired arm that encodes in its plus and minus strands self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes (Wu et al., 2012; Giguere et al., 2014). Outside of conserved nucleotides in these hammerhead ribozymes, the primary sequence of GHVd has no significant similarities to any entries in Genbank. Besides the original Italian Pinot noir grapes, GHVd has been detected in Pinot noir plants of the 115 clone grown in California (Wu et al., 2012). Given that infectivit...
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