First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4 Causing Fusarium Yellows on Celery in China.

Abstract

Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce), which belongs to the family Apiaceae, is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. During 2020 and 2021, celery plants with Fusarium yellows and root rot were observed in four approximately 0.3 ha sized fields located in Zhaili village (118°74'E, 36°67'N) of Shouguang city, Shandong province, China. Almost 50% of the plants were infected. Disease symptoms were comprised of wilting of outer-older leaves, overall stunted growth, rotted roots and stems, with eventual death of plants. A total of 7 diseased plants were collected from 4 fields and used for isolation and identification of the causal agent. Diseased root tissues were cut into 3 × 3 mm pieces from the edge of the rotting region, surface sterilized by soaking in 75% ethanol for 1 min, followed by three washes with sterile distilled water, and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 28°C for 6 days in the dark. A total of 19 morphologically similar fungal isolates were obtained by single-spore subcultures. The colonies produced abundant, loosely floccose, white aerial mycelia and pale purple pigmentation on PDA. Microconidia were hyaline, zero to one septate, and ranged from 1.7 - 3.6 × 5.3 - 13.7 μm (n = 70). Macroconidia were falciform, hyaline, mostly four to five septate, and ranged from 2.2 - 4.2 × 12.4 - 45.4 μm in size (n = 70). These morphological characteristics were consistent with Fusarium oxysporum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). The genomic DNA of 19 isolates was extracted using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (Tiangen, China). The translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) and IGS rDNA regions were amplified with primers EF1/EF2 (O' Donnell et al. 1998) and iNL11/FoIGS-R (Epstein et al. 2017). BLAST analysis showed that 19 isolates were highly similar to Fusarium oxysporum, with 100% for TEF-1α (MN507109) and 99% for IGS rDNA (MT671188), respectively. The resulting 683-bp TEF-1α and 930-bp IGS rDNA sequences of isolate QC20091622 were deposited in GenBank with accession nos. ON260806 for TEF-1α and ON260805 for IGS rDNA, respectively. In a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on TEF-1α and IGS rDNA sequences of F. oxysporum, using MEGAX software, isolate QC20091622 was grouped in the same clade with F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4, with a low bootstrap value of 54 between race 3 and race 4, indicating that the races are not distinguishable using only these two loci, as reported by Epstein et al (2022). Additional loci and other diagnostic methods are required to identify the race. Furthermore, the total DNA of 19 isolates was amplified by race-specific primers N4851-F/R (F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 2) and N3875-2F/R (race 4), respectively (Epstein et al. 2017), and 187 bp product was amplified with primer pair N3875-2F/R, but none with primer pair N4851-F/R, so the isolates were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4. Pathogenicity of the 19 isolates was tested on potted celery plants (cv. 'Baimiao'). Ten healthy 6-week-old celery plants were inoculated by dipping the roots in a conidial suspension (107 conidia/mL) for 30 min. Control plants were dipped in sterile distilled water. The plants were then grown in a greenhouse maintained at 15°C (night)/26°C (day) and 90% relative humidity with natural daylight. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice. All inoculated plants started to wilt and developed root rot symptoms 14 days later, which were similar to those observed in the fields. The control plants remained healthy. F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4 was reisolated from the symptomatic roots, and their identity was confirmed by PCR, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4 causing root rot on celery in China. F. oxysporum f. sp. apii race 4 has been a destructive pathogen in celery, prevention and control measures should be considered.