Abstract

If a novel opens like this, The Divisional Commissaire, Monsieur Adrien Richard, had retired six days ago. He could have been six weeks gone, or six months for that matter: it was as though he had never been. (Nicholas Freeling, Cold Iron, 1986) we recognise a way of telling a story that seems natural and normal. An unnamed narrator, speaking in the 3rd person and using past tenses, tells the story. Narrators like these are able to give us their characters’ thoughts and feelings — they are omniscient, knowing everything — and it does not surprise us to hear a character’s inner thoughts and feelings.

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