Abstract
A driving current induces in the vacuum a response current, but the response must not precede its cause. This application of the principle of causality enables one to derive the Pauli-Rose result for first-order vacuum polarization from the most elementary calculation in quantum electrodynamics: the absorption of a single photon (with $\ensuremath{-}{k}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{k}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}g4{{k}_{m}}^{2}$) by a negative-energy electron. This calculation is also given.
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