Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopes with small fields of view have limited clinical utility. We propose to address this problem in reflective instruments by incorporating a viewfinder pupil relay designed by considering pupil and image centering and conjugation. Diverting light from an existing pupil optical relay to the viewfinder relay allows switching field of view size. Design methods that meet all four centering and conjugation conditions using either a single concave mirror or with two concave mirrors forming an off-axis afocal telescope are presented. Two different methods for calculating the focal length and orientation of the concave mirrors in the afocal viewfinder relay are introduced. Finally, a 2.2 × viewfinder mode is demonstrated in an AO scanning light ophthalmoscope.
Highlights
Ophthalmic Adaptive optics (AO) imaging allows visualization of the living retina at the microscopic scale by compensating for the monochromatic aberrations of the optics of the eye
The intensity and sharpness is not uniform across the viewfinder images of the photoreceptor mosaic due to vignetting by mechanical mounts. Addressing this problem would require modifying the angles of incidence in the original AO scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO), which is beyond the scope of this work
A low cost scheme for implementing a viewfinder mode in scanning and non-scanning AO reflective ophthalmoscopes based on preserving pupil and retinal image conjugation has been presented and demonstrated
Summary
Ophthalmic AO imaging allows visualization of the living retina at the microscopic scale by compensating for the monochromatic aberrations of the optics of the eye. Most current reflective AO ophthalmoscopes can achieve only small fields of view (FOVs) compared to non-AO ophthalmoscopes, making it difficult to navigate the retina. This limitation in reflective instruments typically stems from either the small angles of incidence (and mirrors) required to achieve good optical performance or the small Lagrange invariant of fast resonant optical scanners. Current resonant scanners that can achieve larger scanning angles at the eye resonate at audible frequencies (e.g. 8 KHz [13]). The lack of a viewfinder must be addressed for ophthalmic AO imaging to achieve its full clinical potential
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