First Occurrence of Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Brazil.

Agriculture plays a great role in reducing the cost of living in urban areas by supplying surplus products from the rural areas to the urban areas and also it reduces the cost of living in the urban areas as a result of abundant supply of food. This reduces the upward pressure on wages, which implies a reduction in the cost of production. The country is endowed with diverse natural resources and had a capacity to grow different fruit types. But the farmers are not getting enough benefit from the resources. This study was carried out to determine the supply chain of mango and fruits. From the Gedeo zone two woredas were selected purposively and two kebeles from each worerdas were selected based on the presence of fruit production. Data was collected from 114 mango and banana producing households, 13 local collectors and 17 retailers through structured interview, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, market assessment as well as field observation. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze factors that affects mango and avocado fruits supply of the producers in the area. Producers, rural collectors, retailers, and consumers were identified as the actors who were participating in mango and avocado fruit supply. Four variables were identified as the significant variables which affects the supply of both mango and avocado fruits. These variables were the price, quantity produced, access to market information and distance from the market. Distance from the market was significantly and negatively related with the supply of both fruits where as the remaining three variables where found to be significantly and positively related with the supply of mango and avocado fruits. Four supply channels were identified as the important channels in the mango and avocado fruit supply chain. Producer-retailer-consumer channel was identified as the first important supply channel in which the greater proportion of fruits were transacted in the area. While the producer-local collector-consumer channel was identified as the least supply channel in terms of volumes of each fruits transacted. Since the quantity produced of each fruits is positively and negatively related with the supply of each fruits in the area, the governmental as well as nongovernmental organizations should supply the improved varieties for each type of fruits for the farmers and give training for the farmers on how to increase the production and also productivity for each type of fruits. In addition to this the infrastructural problems should be taken in to consideration so as the farmers can supply their fruits to the market easily and get better price for their products.Keywords: Supply Chain Analysis, Structure, Conduct and Performance

Mango fruit is an annual fruit that is much loved by people in Indonesia. Mango fruit has good development prospects in the future, both from the upstream and downstream sectors. Mango fruit is the main fruit in East Java. Mango production in the company experienced production fluctuations. The existence of fluctuations in production indicates there is a production risk. The company faced several problems in the cultivation process. The objectives of this study include, namely, 1) Identify and analyze risks in the mango production process. 2) Measuring risks in the mango production process. 3) Knowing the risk control strategy in the mango production process at PT. ABC. Data analysis methods used are fishbone diagrams, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), and Pareto diagrams. The results showed that the identification of risks in mango production found 21 causes of risk. Measuring the risk level of mango production, it was found that 14 risk causes had the risk priority number value and the highest percentage of events. Risk control strategies that can be implemented to minimize the risk of mango production include carrying out machine maintenance, scheduling mango cultivation activities, writing standard operating procedures, revitalizing garden infrastructure, and controlling production activities

Bactrocera dorsalis invasion increased fruit fly incidence on mango production in Reunion Island

The effects and mechanisms of salicylic acid (SA) on defense response to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from mango fruits were investigated by in vitro and in vivo test. In vitro experiment results showed that SA significantly reduced mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides in a concentration‐dependent manner. SA effectively controlled anthracnose decay on inoculated mango fruit, as well as natural infection. Disease incidence and lesion diameter in SA‐treated fruit were significantly lower than those of the control fruit. SA treatment increased the activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenoloxidase, and the content of total phenolic compounds and lignin in mango fruit. Moreover, SA treatment effectively maintained fruit firmness by suppressing conversion of insoluble protopectin into water soluble pectin. And correlation analysis showed there is a higher negative correlation between fruit firmness and disease incidence. These findings suggest that the effect of SA on postharvest diseases was attributed to its direct antimicrobial activity and the elicitation of resistant responses, as well maintaining the firmness in mango fruit. Therefore, SA treatment is a promising measure for controlling postharvest anthracnose rot in mango.Practical ApplicationsInduction of fruit resistance against pathogenic infection with biological or chemical elicitors has been thought to be a promising approach for controlling of postharvest diseases and reducing the use of synthetic fungicides. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the predominant postharvest disease in mango production that causes severe postharvest losses and fruit quality deterioration. SA is a natural plant substance involved in plant defense responses to biotic stresses. The present results from in vitro and in vivo experiment suggested that SA treatment could effectively inhibit mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides, enhance resistance of mango fruit against the pathogen and reduce anthracnose rot, as well maintain fruit firmness. Hence, SA can be applied in mango storage and preservation.

SummaryNear-ripe ‘Kensington Pride’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit with green skin colour generally return lower wholesale and retail prices. Pre-harvest management, especially nitrogen (N) nutrition, appears to be a major causal factor. To obtain an understanding of the extent of the problem in the Burdekin district (dry tropics; the major production area in Australia), green mature ‘Kensington Pride’ mango fruit were harvested from ten orchards and ripened at 20 ± 0.5 ° C. Of these orchards, 70% produced fruit with more than 25% of the skin surface area green when ripe. The following year, the effect of N application on skin colour and other quality attributes was investigated on three orchards, one with a high green (HG) skin problem and two with a low green (LG) skin problem. N was applied at pre-flowering and at panicle emergence at the rate of 0, 75, 150, 300 g per tree (soil applied) or 50 g per tree as foliar N for the HG orchard, and 0, 150, 300, 450 g per tree (soil applied) or 50 g per tree (foliar) for the LG orchards. In all orchards the proportion of green colour on the ripe fruit was significantly (P<0.05) higher with soil applications of 150 g N or more per tree. Foliar sprays resulted in a higher proportion of green colour than the highest soil treatment in the HG orchard, but not in the LG orchards. Anthracnose disease severity was significantly (P<0.05) higher with 300 g of N per tree or foliar treatment in the HG orchard, compared with no additional N. Thus, N can reduce mango fruit quality by increasing green colour and anthracnose disease in ripe fruit.

During a 6-year period the growth and production of trees of sweet cherry ‘Kordia’ grafted on rootstocks Krymsk®5 (VSL-2), Krymsk®6 (LC-52) and GiSelA 5 were compared. Shoot growth, increase in trunk diameter and intensity of flowering of ‘Kordia’ were almost similar on all three stocks. Fruit production per tree was significantly higher for ‘Kordia’ on rootstocks Krymsk®6 and GiSelA 5, while that on Krymsk®5 was similar to that on GiSelA 5. Both Krymsk rootstocks gave a small reduction in fruit size, and a slightly lower sugar and acid content. With Krymsk®6, smaller fruit size was related to the higher fruit load of the trees and may be avoided by thinning the tree to the optimum crop load. With Krymsk®5, the reduction in fruit size could not be attributed to overcropping. Fruit cracking, a big problem for cherry growers in areas with high risks of rain in the harvest period, occurred less on Krymsk®6 than on GiSelA 5 or Krymsk®5. Both Krymsk rootstocks produced significantly more root suckers than GiSelA 5. The highest numbers were observed for Krymsk®5, which produced on average 3.3 suckers per tree per during the first 6 years in the orchard. Krymsk®5 also developed burrknots. From this trial it is concluded that Krymsk®6 can be a good alternative rootstock to GiSelA 5, especially for less well drained soils and because its effect on reducing the occurrence of fruit cracking. However, because of its tendency to reduce fruit size, overcropping should be prevented. Therefore, Krymsk®6 is probably less suited for self-compatible cultivars than for cultivars setting fruit only after cross pollination.

A multiple regression analysis of yields of ‘6718 VF’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from 11 field plots along an ambient ozone gradient in southern California indicated that ozone was responsible for a significant reduction in fruit size. Ozone dose accounted for 85% of the reduction in fruit size and was at least 3.3 times more important than any of the monitored meteorological variables in predicting the percentage of marketable fruit. High ambient ozone depressed production and caused a significant decrease in fruit size over time. A model describing the reduction in marketing container yield (% reduction = 0 + (.0232 x dose)) predicted a 50% reduction at a dose of 2000 pphm-hours &gt; 10 pphm.

This study employed the gravity model approach to explore the predictors of textile product exports of the top 10 major textile producers. A specific dataset was generated and used to estimate the effects of 14 textile commodities selected in specific countries using Poisson regression and panel data from 1990 to 2021. The 10 major textile export countries hold significance in the global industry, providing comprehensive insights into export factors. Their diverse representation aids in understanding the challenges faced by exporters across continents. These countries possess substantial export markets and showcase various strategies and trade policies. Reliable data availability enables accurate analysis of factors affecting textile exports. Studying these countries enhances export performance and informs global industry strategies. Estimated results indicate that the real exchange rate, real GDP of the reporting country, preferential trade agreements, and the common border are significant positive predictors for textile exports of all commodities. The results further show that distance, average weighted tariff, and language have negative effects on the textile exports of all selected commodities. The transportation cost, measured by distance, is a barrier to textile commodity exports. The findings highlight the significant factors influencing textile exports and provide insights for exporters, policymakers, and researchers in the industry. Notably, this study addresses the challenges encountered by textile product export companies. These challenges include trade barriers, regulatory compliance, fluctuating exchange rates, intense competition, rising production costs, and market access barriers. By analyzing these challenges within the gravity model framework, the study aims to offer comprehensive insights into the complexities faced by textile exporters and their impact on the industry. The outcome of this study will be beneficial for the world’s major textile producers in setting their export targets and strategies to promote textile and cotton exports. The study suggests that the major exporters should benefit from moving exports to rich markets, which are situated at a nearby distance. The results of this study can be valuable for exporters in setting export targets, devising strategies, and formulating trade policies to overcome these challenges and enhance the competitiveness of the textile industry. The corresponding practical implications include the need to strategically manage exchange rates, focus on promoting exports to rich economies, reduce transportation costs, leverage preferential trade agreements, manage average weighted tariffs, address language barriers, and develop strategic export objectives and strategies. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers and society regarding factors influencing textile exports by major producers. Policymakers can utilize this information to inform trade regulations, exchange rate management, and the promotion of preferential trade agreements, enhancing export competitiveness and fostering sustainable practices. The research promotes international cooperation by encouraging collaboration and the sharing of best practices among reporting and partner countries. The findings contribute to economic growth, job creation, and improved standards of living, benefiting society as a whole.

The highly perishable nature of mango fruit and its susceptibility to chilling injury (CI) when stored below 13°C limits its international trade. Cold storage of mango at 12-13°C is successful only for 2-3 weeks coupled with substantial losses in fruit quality. Cold storage limits the use of sea freight which is usually more economical and eco-friendly than air freight. Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage usually involves regulating the concentration of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using nitrogen, storage temperature, as well as relative humidity in the storage environment. CA in combination with an optimum storage temperature has been reported to prolong the storage life and maintain fruit quality including aroma volatiles in mango fruit depending upon the cultivar. Fruit quality is an important factor in influencing consumer preferences in international and domestic markets. CA storage seems to be promising in extending storage life, maintaining quality of mango fruit consequently offers opportunities to export mangoes to distant markets using sea freight. This overview paper will focus on fundamental and applied aspects of CA storage of mango fruit and its implications in facilitating international trade. Some research work has been reported on optimising CA conditions for different cultivars of mango as the CA requirements of mangoes vary among cultivars and inappropriate CA conditions adversely affect quality of ripe mango fruit. CA comprising of low O2 concentrations (<2%) has been reported to accumulate ethanol and adversely affect fruit quality of ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Delta R2E2’ cultivars of mango. My research group has been exploring the effects of CA on extending storage life, maintaining fruit quality including aroma volatiles production in mango fruit for more than a decade. CA storage comprising 3% O2 in combination with 6% CO2 at 13°C proved to be beneficial for extending the storage life of the Australian mango cultivars ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘R2E2’ by up to six weeks, with good fruit quality and maintaining a high concentration of the major volatile compounds responsible for the aroma of ripe mangoes. The applications of CA in preventing CI, postharvest diseases and insect disinfestations will also be discussed. The faster rate of expansion of mango production, its international trade, short shelf life, and higher susceptibility to CI, postharvest diseases, as well as consumer demand for superb quality are major challenges in extending storage life of mango fruit and their implications in international trade. CA storage offers a great potential in extending storage life of mango which enable to employ sea freight for wider distribution of mango fruit in the distant international markets in a very cost effective manner. A specific composition of O2 and CO2 in CA which extends the storage life of mango fruit is cultivar dependent and is yet inconclusive. Moreover, to minimise the negative effects of CA storage in mango such as fruit softening, poor colour development and higher titratable acidity (TA), reduced aroma and flavour are major research gaps yet to be addressed by the research in the future. CA storage offers an attractive alternative for ameliorating CI, controlling of postharvest diseases and pests in combination with preharvest technology. A holistic approach to meet market requirements considering mango production, postharvest handling including CA storage and supply chain is prerequisite for promoting international trade of mango.

Mango fruits are highly valued for their taste, flavor, and nutritional value, making them a popular choice among consumers. However, mango fruits are susceptible to various diseases that can significantly affect their yield and quality. Therefore, accurate and timely detection of these diseases is crucial for effective disease management and minimizing losses in mango production. Computer-aided diagnosis techniques have emerged as a promising tool for disease detection and classification in mango fruits. This study adopts an image classification approach to identify various diseases in mangos and distinguish them from healthy specimens. The pre-processing phase involves a Wiener filter for noise removal, followed by Otsu's threshold-based segmentation as a crucial operation. Subsequently, features are extracted by implementing the ResNet50 model. The proposed model was experimentally verified and validated, demonstrating optimal results with an accuracy of 98.25%. This high accuracy rate highlights the effectiveness of the XG-Boost classifier in accurately categorizing mango images into different disease categories. The experimental results strongly support the potential practical application of the model in the agricultural industry for disease detection in mango crops.

This special issue of Food Additives and Contaminants is dedicated to Brazil and to the strategies implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), to tackle chemical f...

Mango production in Kenya is hindered by poor fruit quality and imbalanced fertilizer application, hence the need to investigate the long-term effects of different fertilizer regimes on nutrient cycling, and overall mango orchard sustainability. This study aimed to determine the effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, as well as fruit canopy position, on the nutritional content and morphological characteristics of 'Kent' mango fruits. Seven treatments, P1kg, K1kg, P2kg, K2kg, PK1kg, PK2kg, and control, were repeated five times, resulting in 35 test trees of the "Kent" cultivar, aged 7-8 years. The results indicated that increasing P application significantly boosted β-carotene levels (p ≤ 0.05), while ascorbic acid levels were reduced. However, both β-carotene and α-tocopherol levels were higher in control trees compared to fertilized trees, regardless of the fertilizer type or rate. A weak negative correlation between ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol was observed (r=-0.48, P≤0.05), suggesting a potential trade-off between these two antioxidants. Additionally, fruit weight was strongly correlated with skin weight, stone thickness, and seed thickness. Fruits from within the canopy generally exhibited higher levels of antioxidants than those exposed to direct sunlight. The study provides valuable insights into the influence of P and K fertilizers and canopy position on mango fruit quality. However, further research is needed to optimize fertilizer management practices for sustainable mango production in Kenya.

A trial was conducted to optimize spacing for high density planting in mango cv. Alphonso to obtain higher yield/ unit area at the Agriculture Research Station, Mulde, during 2006-07 to 2008-09 with four close spacings and one normal spacing as control. Highest yield (6.4 MT/ha) was recorded with a spacing of 5 m x 5 m without reduction in fruit size in 10 year old plants compared to the mean yield of 1.12 MT/ha in 10m x 10m normal spacing. High density plantation helped to get significantly higher yield per unit area compared to the normal spacing, without affecting size and quality of mango fruits. The highest cost:benefit ratio (2.33) was recorded in high density plantation of 5m x 5m, with maximum net returns of Rs.1,12,000/- per hectare. The present findings show promise for more yield and returns per unit area during the initial years of mango plantation by adopting 5m x 5m high density planting.

Effect of regulated deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying on the quality of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L., cv. ‘Chok Anan’)

Seasonality in mango production is a major factor contributing to high postharvest losses reported in the value chain. Oversupply during the high season is one of the factors that contribute to the high postharvest losses (≥ 50%) in the supply chain in Kenya. Effective strategies to address seasonality can contribute significantly to postharvest loss reduction. Efficacy of two flower induction chemicals, potassium nitrate (KNO3) and ethephon on reproductive growth parameters and yield components were evaluated on two mango varieties: ‘Apple’ and ‘Ngowe’. KNO3 was applied at two concentrations (2 and 4%), and ethephon (600 and 1000 ppm) then compared to control (water). They were applied to trees which failed to flower/set fruit in 2014 season. There effect was established from reproductive growth parameters: days to flowering, number of panicles per tree, fruit set per 20 panicles, fruit fall and hormonal effect. KNO3 (4%) and ethephon increased percentage flowering in both ‘Ngowe’ and ‘Apple’ and AEZs (Agro-Ecological Zones), significantly (p &lt; 0.05) shortened time to flowering and increased fruit set. The findings show that KNO3 and ethephon can be used to induce flowering/fruiting in mango fruits. These technologies can therefore be applied to induce off-season mango production to address seasonality and reduce postharvest losses during the peak season.