Abstract
The Government of Canada has prioritized the availability of water and wastewater services for the Canadian First Nations Communities (CFNC) and introduced the First Nations Water and Wastewater Ac...
Highlights
The Government of Canada is committed to ensure that the wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) in Canadian First Nations Communities (CFNC) are safe, meet the community necessities with appropriate monitoring systems, and meet the federal and provincial effluent discharge limits (Government of Canada, 2016)
To describe the First Nations’ technological use, challenges to meet effluent discharge limits, zone-wise risk-level data, percentage of people receiving wastewater services, and many other vital issues have been presented in this review study based on the six-year-old data, and the recommendations are made based on the available information
There are many operational and environmental concerns that have surfaced from the improper functioning of the WWTS in the CFNC, which were not well illustrated in the First Nations Water and Wastewater Action Plan (FNWWAP) (INAC, 2015); for example, occurrence of ground water contamination from leakage/drainage of liquids from lagoon, or the septic tank, or leaching bed drainage (Yates, 1985)
Summary
The Government of Canada is committed to ensure that the wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) in Canadian First Nations Communities (CFNC) are safe, meet the community necessities with appropriate monitoring systems, and meet the federal and provincial effluent discharge limits (Government of Canada, 2016). According to the Manitoba regional roll-up report of INAC prepared by Neegan Burnside (2011d), there are 18 SBR WWTS (30% of the total systems) in the Manitoban First Nations communities, which is the highest number across all other Canadian provinces of First Nations’ SBR systems. The regional reports of Neegan Burnside (2011a–2011g) showed that 21% of all WWTS in CFNC exceed the federal effluent discharge limits of either biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), or total fecal coliform (Figure 3) in 2011, which was almost the same as reported by the first national assessment in 2003 of 22% wastewater systems exceeding the effluent discharge guideline (INAC, 2003). In the assessment report of Neegan Burnside (2011i), an estimate of $1.2 billion was claimed for the improvement of the existing systems, $4.7 billion for the recommended new servicing, and $419 million for the recommended operational and maintenance cost, which comprised a total of $6.3 billion over the 10-year period (2011–2021)
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