Abstract
Loaches are widely distributed throughout the natural environment and are consumed for medicinal purposes in East Asia. Usually, loaches are cultured in ponds where the water conditions can easily cause bacterial infections. Infections due to bacterial pathogens such as Aeromonas have been well described in cultured loaches; however, there is no report regarding Chryseobacterium infection. This study focused on the elucidation of the pathogenic and antibiotic resistance characteristics of C. cucumeris, SKNUCL01, isolated from diseased loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). SKNUCL01 forms a biofilm, which is associated with its virulence. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 8.52 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. Abrasion facilitates the mortality of the fish, which makes it a possible infection route for C. cucumeris. The strain showed resistance to nearly all tested antibiotics, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, formerly considered effective treatments. Phenotypic analyses for antibiotic resistance—the combined disk test, double-disk synergy test, modified Hodge test, and efflux pump inhibition test—revealed that the resistance of SKNUCL01 originated from metallo-beta lactamases (MBLs) and efflux pumps. Our findings provide evidence that could result in a breakthrough against multidrug-resistant Chryseobacterium infection in the aquaculture industry; the antibiotic resistance-related genes can be elucidated through future study.
Highlights
Loaches (Misgurnus spp.) are widely distributed throughout natural freshwater environments such as rice paddy fields, streams, and reservoirs in Korea, China, and Japan [1,2,3]
The antibiotic resistance-associated genes harbored by C. cucumeris SKNUCL01 have not been clearly proven, we focused on the characteristics of this organism as an opportunistic pathogen and provided clues against the multiple resistance Chryseobacterium outbreak
We provide the first description of the recovery of C. cucumeris from a diseased pond loach (M. anguillicaudatus), an important food and medicinal animal in East Asia
Summary
Loaches (Misgurnus spp.) are widely distributed throughout natural freshwater environments such as rice paddy fields, streams, and reservoirs in Korea, China, and Japan [1,2,3]. Proteins, and taurine, loaches are commonly referred to as “ginseng in the water” and are consumed for their nourishing and tonifying properties [4,5]. For these reasons, pond loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) are widely cultured in Korea and China as a food animal, yielding over. Loaches are cultured in ponds, and the culture is often plagued by difficulties in controlling the water quality and stocking density Such conditions can stress the fish, making them more vulnerable to various bacterial infections.
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