First Insights into the Intrapuparial Development of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel): Application in Predicting Emergence Time for Tephritid Fly Control.

Jing Jing,Jiang Jiang,Zhang Zhang,Dou Dou,Wang Wang

doi:10.3390/insects10090283

Abstract

Intrapuparial development is a special pattern of metamorphosis in cyclorrhaphous flies, in which the pupa forms in an opaque, barrel-like puparium. This has been well studied in forensic insects for age estimations. In this study, the intrapuparial development of a quarantine agricultural pest, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), was studied under a constant temperature of 27 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity. Results showed that intrapuparial development could be divided into five stages: Larval-pupal apolysis, cryptocephalic pupa, phanerocephalic pupa, pharate adult, and emergent adult. It lays a morphology-based foundation for molecular mechanism studies and enhances the understanding of the physiological basis for changes in intrapuparial development. More importantly, the chronology of intrapuparial development can be used to predict the emergence time of tephritid flies, indicating when to spray insecticides to control these phytophagous agricultural pests. This may be an effective approach to reduce the use of insecticides and slow down the evolution of insecticidal resistance.

Highlights

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) causes substantial economic losses of commercial fruits and vegetables worldwide [1,2,3,4]
Various pest management techniques have been employed [17,18,19,20], controlling this fly has mainly relied on spraying insecticides, and insecticides resistance in B. dorsalis has been reported in many countries [16]
The intrapuparial development of B. dorsalis was divided into larval-pupal apolysis, cryptocephalic pupa, phanerocephalic pupa, pharate adult, and emergent adult phases

Summary

Introduction

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) causes substantial economic losses of commercial fruits and vegetables worldwide [1,2,3,4]. It is an invasive species and is listed as a quarantine pest in many countries. Chemical insecticides are the main control tools against this destructive pest. Larvae are difficult to control because they are internal feeders inside fruits and are difficult to contact with insecticides [5]. The pupae, usually hidden in soil, are tolerant to environmental stresses, while the adult phase, especially when it has recently emerged, is the most vulnerable and best target [6]. The study of the chronological development of this fly is indispensable for predicting peak times for when flies eclose from puparia, which is the optimum time to spray insecticides

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion