Abstract
This popular history is worth reviewing in a scholarly journal only because its confused ideas of "crusade" and "holy war" could do real harm in the present political climate if it were mistaken for a scholarly work (as sometimes happens, for example, with the popularizations of John Julius Norwich). It offers a mixture of an overview of Byzantine history between 299 and 1099, an account of the wars of the emperor Heraclius (610-641), and an essay on medieval ideas of holy war. Its thesis is that Heraclius was the "first crusader," whose "holy wars" influenced both the Muslim idea of jihbd and the Western idea of Crusading.
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