First cleavages, preblastula and blastula in the parthenogenetic mite Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari, Oribatida) indicate holoblastic rather than superficial cleavage

Abstract

The mode of cleavage in the Acari is generalized as superficial or intralecithal, with a preceding phase of total (holoblastic) cleavage, but the knowledge is fragmentary and conclusions have been inconsistent, even when relating to the same species. Since no data about early embryology is available for the speciose group Oribatida, we studied Archegozetes longisetosus using transmission electron microscopy. We focused on early cleavages and the formation of the blastula, as these are the important and controversial points in early embryology of the Acari. We expected, as postulated for other acarine eggs, the early cleavages to be holoblastic and followed by a superficial preblastoderm stage. The early cleavages of A. longisetosus are holoblastic and blastomeres give rise to yolk-free micromeres and macromeres containing all the yolk. In contrast to expectations, the micromeres do not form a superficial preblastoderm layer. They are scattered along the embryonic surface and form an external, monocellular layer that covers the whole surface of the embryo. Since each of the existing TEM studies of mites shows this same pattern, and since this specialized form of total cleavage seems to be unique in Chelicerata, it may be the general mode of cleavage in Acari. However, the question will require much more investigation, especially since most data relate to the Actinotrichida and very few are currently available for species in the other major group, the Anactinotrichida.