First Case of Brevetoxicosis Linked to Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Mass-Mortality Event in Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean: A Climate Change Effect?

Antonio Fernández,Ana Gago-Martínez,Marina Arregui,Eva Sierra,Jose Manuel Leao Martins,Manuel Arbelo,Ana Isabel Vela,Yara Bernaldo de Quiros,Natalia García-Álvarez,Josue Díaz-Delgado

doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.834051

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasingly recorded over the last decades and much work has linked these events to multiple oceanographic and climate disturbances. HABs can affect ecosystems either as events that affect dissolved oxygen, clog fish gills, or smother corals or through the production of biotoxins which affect living marine resources through food web transfers or aerosols. HAB represent a natural driver of decline and potential extinction of aquatic organisms, from invertebrates to mammals, which may offer little evolutionary adaptation particularly in very high and long-lasting exposures. Despite numerous multispecies mass-mortality events linked to HAB-associated biotoxicosis globally, there are no records in cetaceans off the central eastern Atlantic Ocean. Herein, we report the epidemiology, pathologic, microbiologic and toxicologic investigation results attesting to the first documentation of cetacean mass-mortality in European waters associated with brevetoxins. Twelve rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) were found dead adrift or beached along the southwestern coast of Gran Canaria from April 28th to May 7th, 2008. Although pathologic examinations were limited by moderate to advanced autolysis and decomposition of the carcasses, consistent findings included multisystemic hemorrhage and undigested ingesta within the gastric compartments, mainly salema porgy (Sarpa salpa). Toxicologic analysis of gastric contents identified PbTx2 and PbTx3 brevetoxins. Our results provide compelling toxicopathologic evidence of fatal brevetoxicosis in a cohort of rough-toothed dolphins. These data add to the limited knowledge on pathology of HAB in cetaceans and provide the first account of brevetoxicosis in European waters. No other mass-mortality or individual fatality of any cetacean species has been linked to brevetoxicosis in the Canary Islands since this event.

Highlights

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasingly frequent worldwide, occurring in lake, riverine, coastal and pelagic waters (Lowenstine, 2007)
Several UME involving common bottlenose dolphins have been described ever since, primarily in the west coast of Florida and Florida Panhandle regions yet fewer fatalities have been seen in the Atlantic coast of Florida (Mase et al, 2000; Flewelling et al, 2005; Gaydos, 2006; Twiner et al, 2012; Litz et al, 2014; Fire et al, 2015)
Mortalities of dolphins with multiple biotoxins including brevetoxins found in the carcasses have been documented (Fire et al, 2011)

Summary

Introduction

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasingly frequent worldwide, occurring in lake, riverine, coastal and pelagic waters (Lowenstine, 2007). Different species of microalgae in these blooms, including diatoms and dinoflagellates, produce a variety of biotoxins potentially detrimental for aquatic organisms and human beings. HAB represent a natural driver of decline and potential extinction of aquatic organisms, from invertebrates to mammals, which may offer little evolutionary adaptation in very high and long-lasting exposures (Lowenstine, 2007). Massive die-offs involving many different fish species, manatees, sea lions, odontocetes, mysticetes and giant squids have been reported (Lowenstine, 2007). Many of these biotoxins pose concerns for public health through ingestion of biotoxins in food or inhalation of biotoxins downwind of the bloom (Gerssen and Gago-Martinez, 2019)

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